Essay --

Arsons Through Vandalism Arson is the malicious and intentional setting of fire to a building, house, business, forest, vehicles, and other properties. This slip of fire-raising motivated by vandalism is common to many juvenile offenders between 10-14 years of age (Radell Smith, Jan 26, 2010, Yahoo Voices), usually as a end point of peer pressure or some type of gang initiation. Most type of arsonists dont typically live very far from where they commit their crimes. Commonly, they know the athletic field really well where arson has been committed. It was said that 30 percent of arsonist can be found living half a mile to a mile from the crime scene of arson, 21 percent live within a five-block radius, and the rest of majority of arson fires are committed by psyche living within a two-mile radius of the fire (Smith, 2010). Most of these offenders would flee the scene immediately after setting the target on fire, some would light to the scene of crime but safely keepi ng their distance to avoid recognition. (Welkman, n.d.) Arson has one of the highest rates of juvenile involvement and is a serious reality safety problem, therefore juvenile fire setter became as a major problem in the field of arson because of peer pressures or as a part of initiating a member to the gang (Robertson, 2010). According to Peggy Little (n.d.), there are more arsons in the United States than any other pastoral in the world, and the 1995 Federal Bureau of Investigation statistics showed that juveniles are accounted for 52 percent of the arson arrests. Most common juvenile arsonists comes from a severely disturbed post environment with one or no biological parents, with poor school work performance, has poor relationships with peers and the inabili... ...government agencies. Neighborhoods can reduce the likelihood of arson through awareness. Neighbors essential always be on a lookout for anything that is suspicious in their neighborhood, and make reports to proper authorities of detailed physical descriptions of any suspicious pack in or around their facility. Neighbors must know each other and be willing to look out for each other. Put the neighbor stake into neighborhood by creating a sense of cooperation. Neighborhood Watch can play an important role in deterring future crimes such as arson or burglary. Building a strong and good relationship among government agencies like local fire department, emergency personnel, and law enforcement could be beneficial for the confederacy in reducing arson. By making building safe and secure through these principles, society can help deter vandalism and arson.

Use of Images and Imagery in Shakespeares Macbeth :: GCSE English Literature Coursework

Use of Imagery in Macbeth As defined in the Websters Students Dictionary, imagery is a figurative term which reveals translation by applying the five senses. William Shakespe bes usage of the imagery of animals, the imagery of blood, the imageries of clothing and weather, are frequently shown throughout the play. Through examples of imageries of animals, Shakespeare uses literary elements much(prenominal) as symbolism. Before Suncans assassination, animals, such as the owl and the falcon, emerged from the night and acted unnatural, even like the deeds thats done. It was the owl that shrieked, the fatal bellman, which gives the sternst good-night. In Act 2, scene 2, Lady Macbeth waits anxiously for Macbeth to return from kill Duncan, the King of Scotland. The step that Macbeth is leaping over goes against the rules of nature, and when thsi happens, animals and weather erupt. The owl is a bellman because, according to superstition, the hoot of the owl portends wipeout. He is fatal , perhaps because he death and horror. thus, when the owls screamed and the crickets cried, it symbolized evil and ominous doings. In Act 2, scene 4, Ross and an old man exchange accounts of the disturbed night and the recent unnatural happenings. Hours seemed dreadful and things strange. The heavens and animals are troubled by mans presence on earths stage, where he performs his bloody acts. The night has been unruly, houses and chimneys were being destroyed by fierceful winds, and everything was filled with dire combustion. The indistinguishable bird of darkness, the owl, clamored the night. A falcon, towring in her pride of place, was by a mousing owl, whose normal prey is a mouse. The night has become more powerful than the day or else the day is secrecy its face in shame. Also, Macbeths horses, the choicest examples of their breed, turned feral, as they broke their stalls, and were said to have eaten each other. Horses do not each other. Bizarre events occured the night Duncan was murdered by Macbeth. These dreadful events took place at night, a symbolic reference to the evil doings of men. There is a sense of fear, wonderment, amazement, and mystery. An atmosphere of death is symbolized by the air of the animals of the night. The raven himself is hoarse that croaks the fatal entrance of Duncan under my battlements. In Act I, scene 5, Lady Macbeth has already planned the assassination.

Digging For a Living :: Digging for Living

Digging For a Living   In his poem Digging, Seamus Heaney describes a erratic relationship between a boy and his scram.  Their relationship closely relates to the one I have with my father.  Throughout the poem, the poets pen is contrasted with the fathers spade, using each as a symbol of their vocation and background.  Along the same lines, the relationship between my father and myself can be expressed through my keyboard and his pencil.  Heaneys poem tells of a boy and his father who have different callings for their career.  The father has worked on the familys farm his entire life, digging up potatoes and keeping up the farm.  The poet describes his fathers digging, as the title infers, with alliteration from the line low my window, a clean rasping sound when the spade sinks into gravely ground My father, digging (3-5).  The poet, on the other hand, would much rather be writing stories or novels than out in the field doing manual labor a ll day.  The father digs physically with his hands while on the contrary, the son digs mentally with his brain.  Heaney physical exercises a spade to symbolize the fathers ambitions, thus, representing his farm work.  He metaphorically describes the sons writing with the passage, Between my finger and my thumb the squat pen rests (29-30).  My father and I apportion the same type of relationship that Heaney and his father have in the poem.  My father is an architect and designs buildings for a living.  He spends most of his day at his drawing table, sketching plans for newly buildings.  On the other hand, I have a job that involves using computers most of the day.  He uses his pencil to get the job done, while I use my keyboard to get the job done.  When I was younger, he always wanted me to be an architect with him, but now he accepts the fact that I am not going to be an architect because I have a sufficient job in the computer field. Throug hout Heaneys poem, diction highlights certain words and phrases that look extra emphasis.  For example, in the line The coarse boot nestled on the lug, the shaft against the inside knee was levered firmly, the words chosen intensely impact the signification (10-1).  Lug, shaft and levered all intensify the line.  Furthermore, most of the words are parts of a gun, which is another metaphor used.

The Usefulness of Blogs Essay -- Internet

The Usefulness of Blogs Think of a weblog as a journal of one persons explorations as he or she cruises uncharted sectors of the Net, reporting on the interesting life-forms and geological formations (Frauenfelder). Weblogs, or blogs, are rapidly growing among the cyber population of today. There are many reasons that large number use blogs, whether for business, to maintain a relationship, or as a source of therapy for problems that occur in a bloggers life. Most of the blogs that I have observed over the past few weeks have been the equal of an online journal. People, or bloggers, write blogs to keep track of daily events in their lives no matter what the significance of those events might be. Growing up, some children keep diaries to write cumulation whats going on in their life. Children often grow out of this habit of journaling as they get older. However, with the rise of computers and the internet in the past years, people have again begun to rely on journals. Now, though, these journals are online and not as private. The lock and key no longer exists and anyone can see these journals anytime that they would like to. why would anyone want to write in an online journal where others could see their private thoughts and events that happened that day or week? After reading Margaret Jiriks observation journal I came across an interesting statement by Malavika about why she blogs. Malavika is the woman who posts to the blog My Daily Ranting at http//www.mydailyranting.blogspot.com/ that Margaret is observing. She states, Well, I figured this is a bully way to whine to absolutely everyone and no one about my one and a million problems so... bear with me? You might get to know me in the process. I think... ...ing to do. Works CitedFrauenfelder, Mark. Blogging. (weblogs). Whole Earth. 22 December 2000. 26 March 2002 <Via www.findarcticles.com http//www.findarticles.com/m0GER/200_Winter/68617361/pl/article.jhtml Grohol, John M., Psy.D. Interne t Addiction Guide. PsychCentral December 1999. 26 March 2002. http//www.psychcentral.com/netaddiction/ Grohol. John M. Psy.D. Psychology of Weblogs PsychCentral April 2001. 26 March 2002-04-06 http//psychcentral.com/blogs/ Hoyum, Sonya J. Group C Observation Journal 6 March 2002 ENGL 1102 Discussion addictive? (6.1.1) 4 April 2002 http//caldialogue.bemidjistate.edu Jirik, Margaret. Group A Observation Journal 27 February 2002. ENGL 1102 Discussion why? (3.2) 4 April 2002 http//caldialogue.bemidjistate.edu Journaling your Life 4 April 2002. http//h.arce.tripod.com/journalingyourlife/

Evaluation Of The New Deal Essay -- essays research papers

Franklin D. Roosevelt brought the new deal into American life in the early thirties. Its purpose was to overcome the depression. Following the depression there were many programs and acts to military service the nation recover from the depression. The "forgotten Americans" were the citizens who needed the new deal to benefit their poverty-stricken way of life. These people were the blacks, women, immigrants, and the many people who suffered from the lack of m anetary supplement. Unemployment was one of the biggest issues to strike the "forgotten Americans."The new deal provided gartering programs such as the Social securities act, WPA, and the federal Emergency Relief Act to lower unemployment and to help those who couldnt work. Checks could be received by those who were poor because of the Social Securities Act. The WPA, led by Harry Hopkins, was built to help artists and musicians obtain a steady form of employment that would help lift the nations spirit. The fed eral Emergency Relief Act provided relief money for a limited time to those workers who had been laid off. For the black workers, the NAACP was created it was one of the most valuable groups fighting for the rights of blacks and is still involved in the black community today. Minorities were still unchanged in the labors. Even under the new deal, blacks were handle unfair. Women were also treated very poorly when it came to the labor situation. They were given the so-called womens jobs, such as teac...

Evaluation Of The New Deal Essay -- essays research papers

Franklin D. Roosevelt brought the new deal into American life in the early thirties. Its purpose was to overcome the depression. Following the depression there were many programs and acts to help the population recover from the depression. The "forgotten Americans" were the citizens who needed the new deal to benefit their poverty-stricken way of life. These people were the blacks, women, immigrants, and the many people who suffered from the lack of monetary supplement. Unemployment was one of the biggest issues to spigot the "forgotten Americans."The new deal provided helping programs such as the Social securities act, WPA, and the federal Emergency Relief Act to lower unemployment and to help those who couldnt work. Checks could be true by those who were poor because of the Social Securities Act. The WPA, led by Harry Hopkins, was built to help artists and musicians obtain a steady form of employment that would help elevation the nations spirit. The federal Eme rgency Relief Act provided relief money for a limited time to those workers who had been laid off. For the black workers, the NAACP was created it was one of the most important groups flake for the rights of blacks and is still involved in the black community today. Minorities were still unchanged in the labors. Even under the new deal, blacks were treated unfair. Women were also treated genuinely poorly when it came to the labor situation. They were given the so-called womens jobs, such as teac...

Vertical Structure of Japanese Society

It promulgates the values of filial piety and harmonious relationship between the universe and oneself. It became the official gulden doctrine during the Outages period and It helped legitimate the Outages Shogun rule through its concepts of a hierarchical society in accord with nature, of benevolent paternalism in government, of an ethical basis for administration, and of a meritable Harmony was established through reciprocal benevolent ruling and obedience from their subjects.Social stratification of the Samurai, Peasant, Artisan and Merchant was also developed in a sensual vein, with merchants seen as the lowest class as they are deemed as parasites under Neo Confucian values. It is not surprising that the IEEE (household/ family) clay was also created during this period. The e system laid great emphasis on family tradition and Its continuity, Members of an lee are expected to see themselves as one collective unit and work towards the great good of the household and not for o neself.The head of the household is typically the eldest male heir and wields absolute power and responsibility. The lee system essentially placed emphasis on the parent-child ( unsloped) relationship over the husband-wife horizontal) relationship. This can be seen in the code of obligations for samurai promulgated In 16842. The hierarchical social structure continues to be bolt defined in modern Japan, and has brought about many societal norms and practices unique to Japan.The idea of a good wife, wise mother3 was introduced In the Mel/ period and go along to define gender roles in Japan until the late 20th century. The men were expected to take up arms for the nations imperialist ideals and subsequently serve as corporate warriors In the lead up to post World War Two economic miracle. Thus the men devoted his life to work and service his boss, while the women devoted their life to child rearing and their education, perpetuating the significance of vertical relationships In Japa n.The Bunyan-kabob-relationship Is a vertical relationship that makes the relationship between an employer and his employee reminiscent of a parent-child relationship. It is a long term and deeply personal relationship that forms the basis of lifetime employment seniority system in Japan. The sample-kohl- relationship is another vertical relationship where seniors who are more experienced re duly respected by juniors who lack the experience and who needs to learn from seniors.

Life and Oxygen Essay

This assignment requires answering questions based on the exhibit The Earliest Traces of liveness at the Smithsonian Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. The exhibit that you be to see is on the right side as you enter the Rotunda from Jefferson Street. Enter the exhibit hall under the dinosaur banner. As you go through this doorway, the exhibit is located to the right. For additional information on the location, hours, ect., go the museum web site at www.mnh.si.edu and click on the Information desk link. scan the exhibit and answer the following questions. Submit your answers in Blackboard. Please view the short movie that comes along with the exhibit.Early Atmosphere1. How abundant was oxygen in the early atmosphere? The amount of oxygen in the atmosphere was abundant, however, due harmful radiation waves from the sun, photosynthetic systems such as plants were not able to adopt thus leaving the state of oxygen subtle. 2.What evidence do scientists have that the oxygen co ntent of our atmosphere has increased since the earths origin?The O-zone bed is composed of 3 oxygen atoms formed after photosynthetic organisms release an extra oxygen molecule into the atmosphere. 2. Why is oxygen more abundant in the atmosphere today?Because of the high amount of plants that produce oxygen which were not here in the early stages of life on earth 3. What are stromatolites? Stromatolites are the bindings of microorganisms on agitates and stones, usually submerged underwater, these rocks are usually used as samples for the earliest signs of life 4. What do scientists think is implied by the presence of stromatolites in Precambrian rock? Scientists would conclude that life was formed underwater and the process of evolution eventually allowed multi-cellular organisms to make their way off the ocean and/or bodies of water. 5. What is ozone and how is it produced?The o-zone layer is the protective layer made of 3 oxygen atoms, it is usually formed by the extra oxygen resulted from a photosynthetic organism. 6. Why is ozone important to life today?Because it protects us from ultra-violet rays from the sun which are extremely harmful and sometimes fatal to all life forms. 7. What effect did increased levels of oxygen in the atmosphere have on early life forms? It caused organisms that were not light and/or oxygen dependent to disappear as mammals and other multi-cellular organisms began to take over.

Ender’s Game Good vs Evil

Enders Game Good vs. Evil Writing In an epic saga capturing the struggle between twain brothers, Enders Game by Orson Scott Card, Ender and rotating shaft argon constantly at each others throats. Ender is the better of the two brothers as doneout the book he displays noble whole caboodle and a strong mindset. Thus being said, Peter is the lesser of the two who throughout the book is doing something of malcontent, whether it is threatening to kill, killing, or fighting.Peter the older, power hungry brother is the flagitious to Enders good. From the beginning of the book, Anderson and Graff are, Afraid of what (Peter) will do to (Ender). (Card, 9). Later in the book, around the same time as when Ender is in Flight Commander school, Valentine is excite with Peter when she finds a squirrels dead carcass, half skinned, spiked by its little hands and feet with twigs She pictured Peter trapping it, staking ithow long had it taken the squirrel to turn over?And all the while Peter s at nearby, leaning against the tree where perhaps the squirrel had nested, playing with his desk while the squirrels life seeped away (Card, 123) Peter is a remorseless killer who even tosses the idea of, whether to kill (Valentine) or what. (Card, 124) What other 12 year old child would commit such cruel acts? An evil ane, one who skins animals to watch them die, one who threatens to kill its own sister, and one who torments all nearest to him, while acting under a blanket of innocence to secrete his misgivings.Peter is a demon of a child with a lust for evil and wrong things to commit and threaten with. Ender the good to Peters evil, is the better of the two brothers. Ender does not want to, (hurt) people again, just to save (himself). (Card, 115) Ender does not have the same lust to kill or eradicate as Peter. For instance, Graff had to trick, (Ender) into (Commanding human forces to suppress the buggers)It had to be a trick or (Ender) couldnt have done it(They) had to have a commander with so much empathy that he would think bid the buggers, understand them and anticipate them. (Scott Card, 298) Ender had to be tricked into doing something that was against his morals for the greater good of his society, for the greater good of human existence. Even if that meant going against his personality, morality, and even his own human nature. With that the commentator can promptly assume that Ender is the face on a TV ad trying to sell good. He is understanding, kind, but also will exemplify himself if provoked with an attack. Not to attack for the sake of attacking or attack for bloodlust, but simply as a reaction instilled in humans through the ages by the name of fight or flight.After the comprehension and understanding of Enders Game the reader finds that there are two polar opposite characters, Peter and Ender, who differ from each other more and more throughout the book, Peter the evil, and Ender the good. Peter the cold, heartless, killer and En der his brother, who is, nothing like him at all. Kind, compassionate and understanding are all choice words when describing Ender. There is an old saying that reads, Where there is good, there is also bad, and where there is bad, good will always triumph for it is fate. (Anonymous)

History of Airplanes Essay

The history of airplane obviously has begun after the real airplanes take aim been invented by Orville and Wilbur Wright on December 17 1903. Airplanes made getting from wiz place to other much faster. Increases speed of transportation of cargo and hoi polloi and also as a war platform. Increased speed medicines could be transported and mountain could be flown into and out of war zones for treatment at a nearby unit or hospital. This transferred into the e reallyday citizens life outside of war time. What we blazon out today life flight planes and helicopters. Airplanes view as changed by becoming faster, larger, and more usable. Airplanes can be used for a lot of things now other than full tent flaping one person around. They can be used for war, transportation, and many other things. The engines have become more powerful they have acquired more seats, and have been built to have a variety of uses in one single aircraft. The Wright brothers, Orville and Wilbur were both Am erican credit with inventing and building the worlds first booming airplane and making the first controlled, powered human flight on December 17 1903.How does the airplane work? When air flows past and airplane wing, it breaks into two airstreams. The one that goes under the wing encounters the wings surface, which acts as a ramp and pushes the air downward and forward. The air slow somewhat and its pressure increases. Forces in the midst of this visit airstreams and the wings undersurface provide some of the lift that supports the wing. However, before the first airplanes was invented by the Wright brothers, inventors made numerous attempts to make like the birds and fly. These early inventions included kites, sweltering air balloons, airship, gliders, and other devices. World War I was the first armed conflict in which airplanes played a major role. When the war began, it was fought largely amid ground forces, but as it progressed, the airplane began playing a larger and larg er role.As the Allies amassed great air strength, they so ably disrupt German ground forces that the war quickly came to an end. Airplanes have revolutionized (change) society by making it faster to get from one place to another. in like manner in wars the airplanes could fly over battle fields and drop bombs down to the enemys camp creating an easy way to victory. Airplanes changed the world because in the 1800s, there were no airplanes. so we needed to travel by ships or other transport, and it took a lot of time too. But when airplanes were invented, tidy sum saved a lot of time because airplanes went very fast. Now, if want to go places and it is far away from home, we can take an airplane.When we take an airplane we can see beautiful views. But now when humans baffle wars, they will use airplanes to damage their enemy from above and they can cause a lot of damage and that not well. Progress never stops and people invent more complicated and faster transportation vehicles. Every vehicle changes peoples lives so that they can reach their destination and transport good loads quickly, safer and easier. In my opinion, one of the most important transportation vehicles, planes changed our lives drastically.Firstly, planes can transport people and things far away very rapidly. It means more interactions between nations occur. Nowadays one can make business not only in one country but also internationally with the help of airplanes. Having breakfast with your partner in one country you can easily take a flight and have a dinner with you r companions in another country. A new technology inspired by the self-healing powers of plants and animals may allow damaged planes to fix themselves on the fly and point out even piffling holes to mechanics upon landing. If the technique pans out, then aircraft, wind turbines and perhaps even spaceships of the future may boast embedded circulatory systems with an epoxy resin that can consort into holes or cracks and then fluoresce under ultraviolet light to mark the damage like a bruise during follow-up inspections.The telephone set was invented by black lovage Graham buzzer in March of 1876. The telephone changed the world by making communication easier for people in different parts of the world. Imagine not being able to talk to a friend in another state or country. If telephones arent there, talking to someone on the go would be impossible. Telephones have changed in many ways , now we have mobile telephones which are called cellphones .Nowadays, telephones and cellphones look more modern and smaller. Cell phones can now do more than just call people unlike in the 1970s when it was first made. Now cellphones have games, music, notes, text messaging, etc. Alexander Graham Bell was born on March 3, 1847 in Edinburgh, Scotland. His father taught elocution and his mother was deaf. In 1870, Bell and his family moved to Canada. Alexander graham bell was an eminent inventor who is credited with inven ting the first practical telephone. The telephone was invented because he wanted to find away how to communicate with other people apart from talking face to face.The coin operated succumb telephone was invented by William Gray of Hartford in 1889. The first rotational dial telephone was developed in 1923 by Antoine Barany in France. The mobile telephone was invented by Bell Telephone Company and introduced into New York City police cars in 1924. Although the first commercial mobile phone service became available in St. Louis, Missouri in 1946, the mobile telephone would not become common for another four decades. Phones only came in one color at that time. shocking You only had one telephone in the house. I would say that the phone has changed the world with communication universally. Society cant live without their phone. Lives have been saved. Businesses have been started and ended. Most everything is by the Telephone. One thing hasnt changed people will never stop talking. Goo d bad or indifferent. The phone is here to support if you wanted to know what a store has in stock or when the will have a certain in stock you could call them.Also it can be safer because if there was an emergency you could dial 911 and they could come and help/assist you. Telephones and cellphones in many different ways like some people stay too long on their cellphones and dont really spend time doing anything else whereas some people find their lives easier with a cellphone so that they can communicate with friends and family. The telephone changed the world by making it easy for people from anywhere in the world to contact others quickly. You can live in New York and call someone in California. It has empowered us with the ability to communicate easily, yet at the same time it has isolated us a bit. Since we are able to reach family and friends easily, we dont always visit them as much as we used to.The telephone has also affected scripted communication skills. We talk on the phone and text message as opposed to writing letters. Texting is definitely affecting our grammar skill the telephone has many positives and negatives. So what will phones look like in 2050? Based upon phone customer behavior, I imagine the future phones will rely more on integrate our physical lives with our digital lives. They probably wont resemble the handsets were used to now. Theyll be built into other devices and products. Imagine a pair of render that can display a digital overlay on top of your physical surroundings.

International Management Case Study Essay

1. What atomic number 18 the advantages of a small profession line going transnational by incremental stages rather than as a global start up?There are many advantages of a small business going outside(a) through incremental stages, rather than as a global start up. First of all a startup that utilizes the small business stage mannikin where it has an incremental process of internationalization gives that them a much larger risk of sustainability and success, rather than trying to start large which puts them at more(prenominal) risk. This usually occurs passively, where a small business doesnt solicit international business, but eventually conducts business internationally by filling normal orders, and as the business grows and receives more orders, they also increase the amount of international business they conduct.In the small business stage model of internationalization there are six regular(prenominal) stages that a company goes through. These are* Stage 1 Passive e xporting* Stage 2 Export Management* Stage 3 Export discussion section* Stage 4 Sales Branch* Stage 5 Production Abroad* Stage 6 The TransnationalThese stages transition a small business from merely filling international orders that arent solicited, to seeking out export sales, to using significant resources to increase sales which creates a high enough beseech to open local sales offices, which leads to production abroad and then finally developing a global network and the company becoming a transnational corporation. The advantage of a company going through these incremental steps to develop its international business is based upon the company having a strong ho role servant customer base within their business system. Having a strong domestic business allows the small business to have a solid foundation of revenue enhancement which allows them to not have to rely on their international business to survive. This mitigates the risks from having the liabilities of smallness, which are the challenges facing a small business in getting access to needful resources to internationalize.By having a strong business domestically, those challenges and risks can be taken as the survival of the company doesnt depend on obtaining those resources to internationalize. Another benefit of a company going through incremental steps is that they also have the small business advantage. This advantage is from fast moving entrepreneurs that can use their competitive advantage of speed. Being first to commercialise, they can capture significant sales before large competitors react. This allows a small business to adapt to market changes as they go international and allows them to more competitive as they expand into international markets. Companies can quickly change products, advertisements and operations to be able to find the needs of the international market which is usually done with evolving technologies.This is where the larger corporate competitors are slowing as there are usually many policies and procedures that moldiness be adhered to that slows them down, and makes them either late to the market with the change or they miss it all together. This is extremely important not just in established international markets, but also emerging and new international markets. Furthermore, reaching customers by teaming up with foreign partners such as distributors, joint venture partners, or licensees is some other benefit. By working with these partners who are in direct contact with customers is of utmost importance, as they have a direct line to the point of sale. Its not easy to find partners, but by incrementally going international and growing a business, the resources also grow and opens up many more points of contact.As the business grows and these points of contacts grow, the possibility for partners grows as well. Some of the ways a small business can find these partners are through trade shows, catalog expositions, international publicize agencies and consulting firms, government sponsored trade missions and of course direct contact. These partners are a great help in getting a small business products further into the international market and in the hands of their customers. It is not impossible for a company to go global from the first day that they start their business, but the odds are not in their favorite. It is very difficult to start out targeting such a large market. It is much easier for a small business to start domestically and build up a solid foundation for their business to gradually expand into the international market. This sets up a small business for the best chance for success to go from a small company and turning it into a corporation.ResourcesCullen, John B., and K. Praveen Parboteeah. Multinational Management A Strategic Approach. 5th ed. Mason, OH Cengage Learning, 2008. Print.

Organization Structure

Sgagafga Fdgasf Fdga Dsg Dgfa G Qgfrsad 1. Function and Project Organization bodily structures * In a function disposal structure, employees argon organized according to the nature of their employment. For example, on the whole employees who induce with human choices are relegated to a department called human resources while all employees who work with the companys accounts are assigned to the accounting department. In a project organization structure, employees with different skills and responsibilities are put together in departments according to the projects that they are working on. ground substance Organization Structure Matrix organization structure is a hybrid of function and project organization structures where one employees has two or sometimes even more flocks of responsibilities and oversight. Said employee is responsible not only to superiors in the department in which he works but besides to the four-in-hand who leads the project to which he is assigned. For ex ample, an engineer who is assigned to work on architectural plans answers to both the project leader and to his superiors in the engineering department. * Sponsored Links * Employee death penalty Goals Employee Performance Goals S/W transfer Free Whitepaper ww. CornerstoneOnDemand. com Communication * Communication dope be considered good when it is both effective and efficient in getting the think meaning across to the intended recipient. Efficient means that the meaning was conveyed in a concise manner without bloat while effective means that the pass along was conveyed without its intended meaning being distorted in some way in the process. Poor Communication in Matrix Organizations * A hyaloplasm organization comes with a host of disadvantages, many of which have a negative impact on the efficacy and efficiency of communication at bottom the organization.First, there is redundant oversight in the sense that there are two sets of wariness whose responsibilities overlap a t times, meaning that their communication to higher-ups is hampered by one another. Second is that each set of management is independent of one another this can produce different analyses, which can lead to a confused assessment for higher-ups. Third is that redundant management is expensive and the two sets of information that they produce and communicate to their superiors is generally not worth that expense. Sponsored Links * Organizational ChartsMake Organizational Charts Fast See Examples, Free Download www. SmartDraw. com * give rise Org Charts Online Plan, Collaborate, Organize Start a Free Live Demo Now www. OrgPlus. com * Organization Structure Chart Quickly Find Organizational development Theory Solutions www. Business. com * Accredited Sales Courses 100% Online Sales Skills Courses. Approved by IACET. Enroll Today Universalclass. com Related Searches * Organisational Structure * Matrix Organization * Organization Structure * Matrix Management * Business Structure These 5 Things Will Destroy Your RetirementNewsmax 1% of Americans Believe This Crisis is ImminentMoney Morning Before You Sneak That Bottle on BoardReviewed. com Billionaire Tells Americans to induce For Financial RuinMoneynews by Taboola References * FAO Corporate Document Depositary Matrix Organization * FAO Corporate Document Depositary Where the Matrix Approach Is Best * Photo Credit Hemera Technologies/AbleStock. com/Getty Images - Matrix management From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This articleneeds additional citations for verification.Please helpimprove this articlebyadding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material whitethorn bechallengedandremoved. (October 2010) A ground substance organization Matrix managementis a type of organizationalmanagementin which people with similar skills are pooled for work assignments. For example, allengineersmay be in one engineering department and report to an engineering manager, but these same engineers may be assigned to differe nt projects and report to a different engineering manager or a project manager while working on that project.Therefore, each engineer may have to work under several managers to get his job done. Contentshide * 1The Matrix * 2Advantages and Disadvantages * 3Visual representation * 4Clarification * 5References * 6Further reading - editThe Matrix Some organizations fall somewhere between the fullyfunctionaland pure matrix. These organizations are defined inA buy the farm to the Project Management Body of acquaintance(PMBOK) 4th Edition ascomposite.For example, even a fundamentally functional or matrix organization may attain a special project team to handle a critical project. Whereas project-centered organizations (like those in engineering, construction or the aerospace industries) have structures built around project teams as their functional units, matrix organizations follow the traditional structures, with some adjustments to their hierarchy to support project units. 1 - editA dvantages and Disadvantages Proponents of matrix suggest that two advantages exist to matrix management.First, it allows team members to dowery information more readily across task boundaries. Second, it allows for specialization that can increase depth of knowledge and allow professional development and career attainment to be managed. The disadvantage of matrix management is that employees can become confused due to conflicting loyalties. The belief is that a properly managed cooperative environment can neutralize these disadvantages. Opponents of matrix management believe that it is an outdated method to organize a company.One disadvantage of matrix management is that it doubles the number of managers when compared toline management, and as the time to reach a decision increases with the number of managers the result may be an increase in management related overhead expenses. The advantages of a matrix include * Individuals can be chosen according to the needs of the project. * The use of a project team that is dynamic and able to view problems in a different way as specialists have been brought together in a new environment. * Project managers are directly responsible for completing the project within a specific deadline and budget.Whilst the disadvantages include * A conflict of loyalty between line managers and project managers over the allocation of resources. * Projects can be difficult to supervise if teams have a lot of independence. * Costs can be increased if more managers (i. e. project managers) are created through the use of project teams. - editVisual representation Representing matrix organizations visually has challenged managers ever since the matrix management structure was invented.Most organizations use dotted lines to represent secondary relationships between people, and charting software such as Visio and OrgPlus supports this approach. Until recently,Enterprise resource planning(ERP) andHuman resource management systems(HRMS) softwa re did not support matrix reporting. Late releases ofSAPsoftware support matrix reporting, andOracleeBusiness Suite can also be customized to store matrix information. - editClarification Matrix management should not be confused with tight matrix.Tight matrix, or co-location, refers to locating offices for a project team in the same room, regardless of management structure. - editReferences 1. Seet, Daniel. Power The Functional Managers Meat and Project Managers Poison? ,PM Hut, February 6, 2009. Retrieved on March 2, 2010. - editFurther reading * Galbraith, J. R. (1971). Matrix Organization Designs How to combine functional and project forms. InBusiness Horizons, February, 1971, 29-40. A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge(PMBOK),Project Management Institute,ISBN 1-880410-23-0 * R J Shepherd (2007). Mentoring Soft Boundaries for Management, MIDAS MDF 2007 279-89 Categories * Management * Organizational theory * Types of organization - Navigation menu * Create account * Log in * Article * Talk * Read * Edit * View history Top of Form Bottom of Form * Main scalawag * Contents * Featured content * Current events * Random article * Donate to Wikipedia * Wikimedia Shop Interaction * Help * About Wikipedia * Community portal Recent changes * forgather Wikipedia Toolbox Print/export Languages * * * Deutsch * Francais * * Magyar * Nederlands * * Norsk bokmal * Polski * Portugues * Suomi * Ti? ng Vi? t * Edit links * This page was last modified on 4 April 2013 at 1235. * Text is available under theCreative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the toll of UseandPrivacy Policy. 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Investigate how PH affects the ability of raw meat to absorb water – Plan

I am planning an experiment to investigate how PH affects the ability of raw center to hook on water.* Independent VariableThe independent variable for this experiment is the PH of the solution the steak is marinated in. I will achieve a range of different PH set by using buffers set at PH 1, 3, 5, 7, 9. I predict that in that location will be an optimum PH where the steak will absorb the almost water.The amount of water absorbed by the raw meat will increase as you increase the PH up to the optimum and then decrease the PH as the PH increases past the optimum.* Dependent VariableThe dependent variable for this experiment is the amount of water absorbed by the diced steak by service of osmosis. I will record this by recording the mass onwards and the mass after marination. From these results I can foreshadow the percentage change in mass so that I can compare the different results with each other. I will calculate the percentage change by Change x centuryOriginal* Controlled VariablesThe main control variables for this experiment are Each of the 5 buffer solutions should have the same volume of 50ml and the same concentration. If one beaker had to a greater extent than another then there would be more solution to act on the meat therefore tenderising it more. This could alter the end percentage change in mass.The mass of the diced steak before marination needs to be controlled. A larger mass could potentially absorb and store more water. I will try to point as similar masses as possible to avoid any differences in weight. Instead of calculating the difference in mass, I will calculate percentage change in mass to account for any small differences in mass.Also a constant surface area of the diced steak is important, otherwise there would be a larger area for the solution to act on causing more tenderisation therefore altering the overall results.The temperature at which the meat is marinated at would need to remain constant. At a higher temperature, mol ecules are moving faster therefore osmosis is more likely to occur. The experiment will be conducted at room temperature, although a more scientific method would be the use of anincubator. I will conduct the experiment in the same bulge out so that each test is experiencing the same temperature changes.The time allowed for marination, each steak should be in the buffer solution for 12 hours all getting the same continuance of time otherwise a longer time could provide an opportunity for more water to be absorbed.Drying of the steak pieces, dab twice on each side. If more or less are dabbed more than the other it would alter the end percentage change in mass.* Method? Divide the diced steak into five equally sized piles.? Using electronic scales weigh each pile to make the masses as similar as possible. Record the masses.? Add 50ml of buffer solution PH1 to a beaker and repeat the subroutine for the other buffer solutions.? Put one set of diced steak into each beaker.? Leave the 5 beakers for 12hours allowing the raw meat to marinate.? Remove the dices from the solution and pat dry before weighing.? Record the mass of each pile and calculate the percentage change in mass by using formula Change x 100Original? Repeat the experiment 3 times to ensure an accurate set of results.? Plot a graph of PH against percentage change in mass.

European Integration of Ukraine Is the Main Task

atomic twist 63an Integration of Ukraine is the chief(prenominal) task, which unites g everywherenment and opposition In association with the new political season, which began non only in the Ukrainian Parliament, further also in the European Parliament, delegation of MPs of Ukraine from the Party of Regions arrived on an official visit to Strasbourg.Delegation appendages are Chairman of the Party of Regions parliamentary faction Olexander Yefremov, Deputy Chairman of the Party of Regions for innovation(prenominal) Affairs Leonid Kozhara, First Deputy Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada deputation on Freedom of Speech and Information Olena Bondarenko, member of the Verkhovna Rada Committee on Finance, Banking, Tax and Customs insurance Vitaliy Kaliuzhny.Today, September 13, in the European Parliament took place a public meeting on The prox of EU-Ukraine Relations and Ukraines Internal Political Situation, where the Chairman of the Party of Regions parliamentary faction Olexander Yefremov intercommunicate ab emerge the current situation in Ukraine. Particular attention Olexander Yefremov paid to reforms, which are being carried out by authorities. Over the past year and a half great changes took place in Ukraine. Unfortunately, in Europe, few people k straight what is actually happening in the country.The countrys leaders held a number of reforms this is support and judicial reforms, adoption of anti-corruption legislation and the new Tax Code, the politician said. Now we are preparing such global documents as a bill on the land market, new Criminal Procedure, Housing and Communal and hollow Codes. In Ukraine these laws surrender a long history, they are not modernized. And, unfortunately, over the 20 years of humans of Ukraine as an independent state, no one worked on them. It is our task.Therefore we eat up a lot of work to do. And as you can see, we are working very hard, said Olexander Yefremov. MEPs stressed the importance of the visit of Ukrain ian parliamentarians because now it is a key minute of arc in relations among the EU and Ukraine, and Europe needs first-hand information. Olexander Yefremov reminded that in 2009 Party of Regions started with very bad starting positions. When we conducted an audit of the national economy, it was found that in 2009 we began with minus 15% of GDP.It was a disastrous number. And we had to find quickly the tools for economic growth, to overcome the economic crisis. However, our operational work and the actions that we undertook, gave a good positive result. 2011 we are to finish with 5% increase of our economy, he stressed. Representatives of the European Parliament agree to this. They noted how significantly increased the intensity of work of Ukrainian Parliament and adopted documents. According to Olexander Yefremov, identical a shot the government command faces many challenges.And one of the most important is the European desegregation of the country. And at the moment it is on e of the uniting issues for opposition and authorities. There is no dissent and no opponents here. Everyone understands that we need to work on this common conclusion, said Olexander Yefremov. Answering the question, what Ukraine will choose Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade bowl with Europe or the Customs Union, Olexander Yefremov said that our first priority is the EU, but at the same conviction we want to maintain good relations with Russia, if thats possible from its side. In turn, we declare that we want to be a break out of civilized Europe, said the politician. The head of the Party of Regions parliamentary faction got stronger conviction that there is lots no opponent of integration between Ukraine and EU, everybody is trying to help, to give an advice no one wants to see Ukraine worse or poorer, or further from the EU everybody is trying to support it. MEPs, in turn, said that Europe would like to see Ukraine developing further and happy people living in Ukraine.The M Ps ac experience directged that Europe knows very little about what is actually happening inside the country. In do-gooder, Olexander Yefremov said that judging by the questions he was asked about Tymoshenko case, there is a significant lack of information about the topic. That is, people know about it, but nobody goes into details, and, as a rule, the very essence is hidden in details. He reminded the gist of the charges against ex-Prime Minister of Ukraine. In January 2009 Tymoshenko was in talks with Russia on gas supplies.Under the Law On International Treaties of Ukraine the authority to negotiate and to sign international treaties is granted by the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine as a bodied body. The Prime Minister can not alone authorize someone to negotiate on behalf of the Government. When negotiations with Russia began, most of the ministers at the Cabinet of Ministers session refused to support Tymoshenkos personal position, as evidenced by minutes of meeting. notwith standing of this, she provided the Ukrainian negotiators a document entitled Directives of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine, which contained the signature of Tymoshenko and official government seal. Thus, the ex-Prime Minister is charged with single-handed decision and document forgery, said Olexander Yefremov. In addition, the MP informed about extremely disapproving conditions for Ukraine, which are in the contract. This, above all, is the highest price, unreasonable amount of compulsory gas purchase (Ukraine consumes 40 one million million million cubic meters and must buy 52 billion cubic meters), and extremely inadequate penalties.If the country does not buy stated in the contract amount of gas, then there is the penalty 150% in summer, and in winter 300%. If such a contract was signed in the business between the both businessmen, one of them would be admitted to be crazy, that is absolutely inadequate and disadvantageous contract for the country, said Olexander Yefremo v. EU Integration and Trade a Look from the Outside of the EU Eastern Border. Oleksandr Shepotylo*, Kyiv School of political economy and Kyiv Economics InstituteAugust, 2009 Abstract This account develops a mannerology for duty policy analysis of costs and benefits of alternative regional integration scenarios, based on the disaggregated gravity equation, and applies it to calculate the allude of the EU gush on integration strategies of non-member countries. In riveicular, the paper measures the impact of the 2004 EU enlargement from the standpoint of Ukraine a country that has been left on the sideline.This angle allows estimating the costs of non-integration that occurred due to business deal and investiture diversion, and forgone opportunity to carry our structural changes in the Ukrainian economy. According to the results, EU accession would dramatically change the composition of Ukrainan exportingations by almost doubling exports of make goods by 2007. The costs of no n-integration accumulate towards the end of the investigated period. Projecting the results into the future clearly indicates that the benefits of EU accession for Ukraine would have been unambiguously positive.By showing that costs of non integration are high, the results shed some light on the debates over the benefits of EU integration for the newly accepted states. They also give guidance on the potential export gains from signing a deep FTA between EU and Ukraine which is shortly negotiated by policymakers. JEL categories C33, F12, F17 Keywords gravity model, EU enlargement, Ukraine, CIS, assorted firms, parcel out in policy Introduction The studies of European Union (EU) enlargement mostly focus on the impact of the enlargement on the current and new EU members (e. . Bussiere et al. 2008, Nilsson, 2000, Baldwin, 1995 and 1997, Gros and Gonciarz 1996). This paper looks at the impact of EU enlargement from a different angle and estimates the costs of non-integration into EU. It develops a methodology for evaluating alternative regional integration scenarios. compare costs and benefits of different integration scenarios, a policymaker decides on the best integration strategy for a county. When an spare country joins a regional shell out axis, it imposes additional costs on outsiders due to trade and investment diversion.The costs of non-integration are growing when to a greater extent countries join the bloc, which triggers a new wave of enlargement, a so-called domino effect introduced by Baldwin (1993). For example, the enlargement of the European Economic Community (atomic number 63) a process that started in 1960s induced integration of the members of the European Free Trade Agreement (EFTA) into the EEC The 1960s maxim rapid discriminatory liberalisation with the EEC and EFTA. This had a dramatic effect on trade patterns. The EECs share of trade with itself rose from 30 to 50 per cent.The share of EEC imports from other European nations stag nated or fell. This discrimination meant lost profit opportunities for exporters in both groups, but since the EEC market was more than twice the size of EFTAs market (and growing faster), the EEC club was far more seductive to exporting firms. This generated new political economy forces within the EFTA nations forces that pushed for EEC membership. (Baldwin, 2008) Currently, a similar process involving the EU and Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) trade blocs is evolving.The differences in size and level of ontogenesis between EU and CIS blocs demand that the EU bloc is more attractive and the opportunity costs of not- combine into the EU are higher. Recently, EU has grow by 12 new members, mostly by countries that for a long time had been important trading partners of CIS countries. At the same time, Georgia left the CIS in August, 2009, while Ukraine and Central Asia countries significantly reduced their participation into the CIS programs.These developments indirect ly indicate that the EU accession strategy looks as an increasingly attractive policy for the CIS countries. However, the lit says little on how the different integration scenarios can be compared. What are the costs for the CIS countries of not integrating into EU? Do the costs of non-integration exceed the benefits of staying in the CIS? Empirically, this question has not been studied and the primary goal of this paper is to evaluate the ex post costs of non-integration. To answer these questions, the paper focuses on Ukraine.De facto, Ukraine is a member of the CIS. However, Ukraine participates in the CIS programs very selectively and the Ukrainian parliament never ratified the CIS Charter. Moreover, after 2004, Ukraine explicitly say the EU accession as its strategic goal. Ukraine is an eligible candidate for enlargement based on the geographical criteria. It is an important EU trading partner that moves towards EU both politically and economically. In February, 2008, the Ukr aine has started a musical rhythm of FTA negotiations with EU which is the next step towards the EU integration.The launch of negotiations followed the concludingization of Ukraines WTO accession process on February, 5 2008 , which was a prerequisite for FTA talks. Therefore, the advantage of looking at Ukraine while comparing costs and benefits of a deeper EU integration vs. deeper CIS integration is as follows. First, it is not a purely theoretical exercise but a question of practical importance. Did Ukraine make a right choice when declaring the EU integration as the policy priority? Second, the answer to this question gives guidance for policymakers of the EU and Ukraine for the decision on the future of the EU enlargement process.How Ukrainian exports would look like if the country joined EU in 2004? To answer these questions, this paper develops a methodology that allows predicting trade patterns of Ukrainian exports in such a hypothetical situation. The offered method assum es that the main differences between being an EU member and being a typical CIS country stem from the changes in behavioral relationships of the parameters of the gravity equation rather than from the changes in factors that represent the gravity forces per se (see Egger, Pfaffermayr, and Schmidt 2006).By setting its regulative framework in line with the EU standards, signing a deep FTA with EU, and, in the long run, achieving its final goal of becoming a full-fledged EU member, the Ukraine would gradually evolve from being a part of the CIS trading bloc with its distinct reliance on export of raw materials towards being a part of the EU trading block with a high degree of intra-industry trade in processed goods. Therefore, its trade patterns would become more in line with the trade patterns of the Eastern European countries.The behavioral changes would come from violate access to the EU market, changes in the institutional environment, deep reforms of the regulatory framework, an d standardization of export and import regulations. To get down the behavioral changes, the gravity model is estimated for two samples one sample includes sixteen Eastern European countries twelve EU member countries that recently joined EU (EU12) and four countries that are not member of the EU but are considered as candidates for enlargement in the future (EUC4) the other sample includes nine CIS countries .In addition to evaluating the behavioral change, the novelty of the paper lies in applying an estimation of the disaggregated gravity equation using the two give procedure developed by Helpman, Melitz, and Rubinstein (2008) (henceforth HMR). The method explicitly deals with a impregnable number of zero trade flows, and unobserved firm-level heterogeneity.Unlike the HMR method, we exploit both cross-sectional and time dimensions to remove the pair-specific fixed effects that can diverge the cross-sectional results and estimate the impact of the EU accession on bilateral tr ade flows by the Hausman-Taylor method (Hausman and Taylor, 1981) treating the EU accession as an endogenous decision that correlates with variable and fixed costs of trade. The model demonstrates substantial costs of not integrating into EU.If the Ukraine had became an EU member in 2004, it would have benefited from an increase in export volumes, redirection of trade from CIS trading partners towards the EU trading partners, and restructuring of exports from industrial products with low value added, primarily exports of raw materials, towards exports of construct products with high value added and exports of agriculture and food .The benefits would have come not from the EU accession per se but from the gradual process of reforms, economic restructuring, and behavioral changes in the bilateral trade relationships with its trading partners. The initial losses from breaking the trade relationships with other CIS countries would be more than compensated later along the development pa th. The structure of the paper is as follows. character 2 compares existing trade patterns of the Eastern European countries with trade patterns of the CIS countries.Section 3 briefly discusses the methodological issues, presents a theoretical model and develops the estimation procedure. Section 4 discusses data. Section 5 presents estimation results for aggregated trade data and discusses advantages of the Hausman-Taylor method. It also presents estimated gains in disaggregated exports from the EU-Ukraine trade integration for two counterfactual experiments. Finally, Section 6 concludes. Trade patterns of EU and CIS countries first glance at the data The opening of regionalism and preferential trade agreements (i. . Baldwin, 1993 Baldwin et al. 2006) stresses that costs of non-integration into a regional trade bloc increase with the size of the bloc which, in turn, induces more countries to join the bloc due to a so-called domino effect by lowering trade barriers and improving ma rket access, a discriminatory liberalization of trade within a trading bloc gives an edge to the companies located within the bloc over the outsiders and create additional incentives for multinational companies (MNC) to move their activities inside the bloc.This creates an additional pressure for inclusion on outside countries. Hence, once started, the process of regionalization captures ever-growing number of countries. The story of the latest EU enlargement illustrates this point. The Council of Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) that, by 1989, included fifteen Soviet republics, six Eastern European countries Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Romania, Poland , and three other countries Cuba, Mongolia, and Vietnam generated a substantial intra-bloc trade due to a high degree of economic and political integration The economic cooperation with the rest of the world was limited at best and in some instances prohibited. Since the beginning of transition, Eastern Europe an countries and Baltic States have rapidly moved away from the Moscow-centered economic gravity towards the Brussels-centered one. As was correctly predicted by some scholars (i. e. Wang and Winters, 1991 Hamilton and Winters, 1992, and Baldwin, 1994), this led to the reorientation of their trade flows away from the CMEA countries towards the EU members.By 1995, Eastern European trade flows did not differ considerably from that of similar Western European countries and mostly exhausted the westward expansion of exports at the intensive margins of trade (Gros and Gonciarz (1996). This view is supported by a more recent World Bank (2005) report which shows that currently most of the EU12 countries trade above their potential or normal level.

Linguistics and Language Essay

Language Comprehension Language Production Language Acquisition Psycholinguistics is a outgrowth of cognitive science What impart be covered in this class? How do we produce and actualize speech? How do we perceive words, letters, and sentences? How do we learn and recall information from texts? How can we improve texts to h quondam(a) them easier to understand? How does the brain function to process lyric poem? What are the hunting expeditions and effects of reading disabilities?Is there dustup in early(a) species? Central themes in psycholinguistics 1)What knowledge of manner of singing is needed for us to use phraseology? Tacit (implicit) knowledge vs. Explicit knowledge tacit knowledge of how to perform something, but not aware(p) of full rules explicit knowledge of the processes of mechanisms in performing that thing 2)What cognitive processes are involved in the ordinary use of language? How do we understand a lecture, read a book, hold a conversation? Cogni tive processes perception, memory, thinking, learning Some definitions of basic components of language Semantics The meaning of words and sentencesSyntax The well-formed arrangement of words in a sentence or phrase Phonology The sound approach pattern of language Pragmatics How language is used in a social context Examples from psycholinguistics Parsing garden path sentences The initiate accepted the deal earlier he had a chance to check his finances, which put him in a state of conflict when he realized he had a straight flush. 1) The defendant examined by the lawyer turned out to be unreliable 2) The evidence examined by the lawyer turned out to be unreliable The process of parsing is the process of making decisions The effect of prior knowledge on comprehensionThe social function is actually quite simple. First you arrange things into different groups. Of course, one pile may be enough depending on how ofttimes there is to do. If you have to go somewhere else due to lack o f facilities, that is the next stair otherwise you are pretty well set. It is important not to overdo things. That is, it is better to do withal few things at once than too many. In the short run this may not depend important, but complications can easily arise. A mistake can be expensive as well. At first the whole procedure will seem complicated. Soon, however, it will become just another vista of life.It is difficult to foresee any end to the necessity for this task in the immediate future, but hence one never can fall apart. After the procedure is completed, one arranges the materials into different groups again. Then they can be put into their appropriate places. Eventually they will be used once more, and the whole cycle will then have to be repeated. However, that is part of life. Bransford & Johnson, 1973 Recall No context 2. 8 cerebration units out of a maximum of 18 Context afterwards 2. 7 idea units Context before 5. 8 idea units Child language development How ma ny words do you know? breathing place Dictionary has about 450,000 entries Test high school graduates How many words do they know? or so 45,000 english words About 60,000 including names and foreign words The average six year old knows about 13,000 words. Learning about 10 words per day since age 1. (One every(prenominal) 90 minutes) How much do we have to teach kidskinren to learn language? Do you have to teach a child to walk? Is it the same way of learning a language? My teacher holded the baby rabbits and we patted them I eated my dinner party A brief history of psycholinguistics Wilhem Wundt (early 1900s) Interest in mental processes of language productionSentence as the primary unit of language Speech production is the transformation of complete thought processes into sequentially make speech segments. Behaviorism (1920s-1950s) Rejected the focus on mental processes Measurement based on accusative behavior (primarily in lab animals) How does experience (reward and vi ndicatement) shape behavior? B. F. Skinner Children learn language through shaping (correction of speech errors) Associative chain theory A sentence consists of a chain of associations mingled with individual words in the sentence Whats wrong with the behaviorist approach?Noam Chomsky (1950s present) 1) Colorless grand ideas sleep furiously 2) Furiously sleep ideas green colorless. 3)George picked up the baby 4)George picked the baby up. Almost every sentence uttered is a new combination of words The Poverty of stimulus argument there is not enough information in the language samples given to children to account for the richnes and complexity of childrens language The pattern of development is not based on parental speech but onborn(p)language knowledge Linguistic Diversity vs. Linguistic Universals Linguistic diversity There appears to be a lot of diversity among languagesEven deep down languages there is diversity When are two languages different? We speak the same language if we can understand each other Exceptions Norwegian and Swedish Cantonese and Mandarin Dialects within languages The myth of pure language How/why do languages change? Why does there seem to be a correct English? Members of the dominant (most powerful) sub-culture tend to speak one barbarism and may punish those who do not Linguistic Chauvinism Belief that ones own language/dialect is the best of all possible languages Black English Vernacular (BEV) Study by William Labov Interviewed African-American pathway youthYou know, like some people say if youre good an sh*t, your spirit goin t promised land . . . n if you bad, your spirit goin to hell. Well, bullsh*t Your spirit goin to hell anyway, good or bad. Why? Why? Ill tell you why. Cause, you see, doesn nobody really know that its a God, yknow, cause I mean I have seen black gods, white gods, all color gods, and dont nobody know its really a God. An when they be sayin if you good, you goin theaven, thas bullsh*t, cause you aint g oin to no heaven, cause it aint no heaven for you to go to. Place holders There vs. It in the copula copula Is, Was optional Negatives You aint goin to no heaven BEV just as linguistically complex as Standard American English We dont see/understand the complexity in other languages Moral completely languages seem to permit as wide range of expressions as others Linguistic Universals What is in common with all languages? Sentences are built from words based on the same physiological processes All languages have words All humans have ways of making sounds. Languages tend to use a small set of phonemic sounds Phoneme The minimal unit of sound that contributes to meaning How many phonemes in a language?English 40 phonemes Range Polynesian 11 to Khoisan 141 Discreteness Messages in human language (e. g. speech sounds) are made up of units of which there is a discrete (limited) number Arbitrariness The kin amongst meaningful elements in language and their denotation is independe nt of any physical resemblance between the two. Words do not have to look or sound like what they describe nudity New linguistic messages are created freely and easily Languages are not constrained in a way so that there are a limited number of messages that can be created.

Consumer Perception Towards Brand Choice

Changing science of Consumer towards pit Choice and the situation of tillage in it A Pakistan perspective An Argumentative Paper on the Bond between label Choice, Consumers cognition and close incline Ikra Nasir Bachelor of Business Administration, Comsats University of Science and engineering, Islamabad campus, Pakistan Haider Ahmed Qazi Bachelor of Business Administration, Comsats University of Science and Technology, Islamabad campus, Pakistan AbstractThe principal(prenominal) purpose of this paper is to come inigate and discuss the importance of analyzing the consumer cognizance towards topical anesthetic anesthetic and opposed markers. An argumentative confirm to on has been accustomd to reveal the importance of Consumer knowledge. local anesthetic and outside propose prime(prenominal) is reckoned by distinguish experience, country of parentage, grunge aw atomic number 18ness, sign lumber, Materialism. With the change magnitude twist of internat ionalization consumer pack become a lot much than than aw be and their experiences be ever-changing at rapid pace, it has been seen that price, shade atomic number 18 considered to be major determinants of making their station selection.Consumers look upon local places because of beginning price entirely they opt irrelevant reproachs because of better(p) quality and durability and for status sweetening antecedents. In order to learn consumer science we require to understand finis so that necessities and deportment of consumers be swell understood. The paper shows a link among three concepts and how they argon interconnected. The discussion section debates the concepts base on the findings of the inquiry. A theoretical framework has been described which exhibit the antecedents on which the three concepts ar being c atomic number 18ful.Lastly the paper conclude that a cross- finis study is essential to understand the changing perception of consumer s when making a brand choice between local and unknown harvest-feasts Keywords mark off Choice, cognizance, globalization, polish, topical anesthetic and exotic Brands Contents 1. Introduction3 1. 1. Problem Statement5 1. 2. Objectives of the study5 1. 3. Signifi arseholece of the explore5 1. 4. Scope of the investigate6 1. 5. Limitation of look into6 2. Literature Re interpret6 2. 1 local and Foreign Brands6 2. 2 Consumer Perception8 . 3 Role of nicety9 2. 4 Link between topical anesthetic and Foreign brands, Consumer Perception, Culture. 10 3. notional Framework and antecedents of unsettleds11 4. Hypothesis12 5. data Analysis12 5. 1 community13 5. 2Sample size13 5. 3Sampling Method14 5. 4Data Description14 6 intervention16 6. 1Consumer perception and culture18 7. Conclusion19 8. Recommendations19 References20 Appendix25 1. Introduction People are pawns in the hands of giant companies with big advertising budgets and worldwide reach.Brands bring whatsoeverthing that mint think is better than what they feel . (The Economist, 2004) The study aims to understand the consumer perception towards local and unconnected brands in the Pakistani market not only in fast pathetic consumer goods segment but also in opposite industries as retailing, clothing. Through consumer perception of price quality and observe are considered pivotal determinants of shopping behaviour and product choice (Bishop 1984 Doyle 1984 Jacoby and Olson 1985, Sawyer and Dickson, 1984) ( Valarie A. Zeithaml, 1988).Pakistani market is taken into study because of increased sphericalness m some(prenominal) worldwide companies are now entering into the market on the specialization of rising affluence level of the young Pakistani population along with the heightened awareness of outside brands, international shopping experiences the demand for foreign products are increasing in Pakistan The increased global competition among foreign firms operating in incompatible co ntributions of the world are not only offering products but also offering increased standard for living and improved lifestyle of consumers just around the world.So now the markets need to understand the consumer perceptions and evaluations of foreign products more than ever before (Simriti Bajaj, 2007). We are also interested in spirit and considering the doers that affect the consumer evaluation and perception of foreign products against local products Consumers when come in a market are faced with a choice between local and foreign brands how they serve this choice is obviously worth(predicate) looking Studies already show that the consumer perception towards brand quality and acceptability is perceive directly from where the brand is from.This shows that brand country of melody diarrhoea an most(prenominal)-valuable intention in find out the quality of brand which influences their placement and acquire spirits. In bringing country homogeneous Pakistan brand o rigin (that the brand is from which country) affects the perception of consumers for foreign products (Kaynak et al. , 1999) and this foreign product screwing be more favorable if the brand is from the western or create country.Consumers evaluate products more positively which are tokenly from the USA, Japan, Germany, Italy, the UK and France (Bhuian, 1997) brands are well recognized by consumers around the world, and are perceived as to representing a high status and quality we believe that this effect consumer mind of brand quality rating (Lee,M,Y. , Knight,D. , Kim,Y,K. , 2008) Looking at how consumers perceive local brands. The study revealed that local brands service from a better nourish.As it is mention by Simriti Bajaj (2007) that Value is linked with the fact that prices of local brands are usually lower than those of international brands, providing consumers as wiz of better regard as for money. As tell by (Sankar,S,M. , 2006) Local brands are perceived as more d own to earth than an international brand, Research shows that perceived brand globalness for global brands could create consumer perceptions of brand superiority (Shocker et al. , 1994)(Sankar, S. M. , 2006) Consumers prefer global brands because they usually offer more quality and better guarantees than some other(a) products.Consumers look to global brands as symbols of pagan ideas Local brands show them what they are turn global brands show them what they loss to be Shocker et al. , (1994) cited by Sankar, S. M. , (2006) Consequently when companies are doing selling of brands crosswise cultures firms invent strategies that assert a standardized brand through the use of advertising, symbols and other imaginativeness Marketers seek to develop brand that is rational for all the consumers in the world. ( Foscht,T. , Maloles III,C. , Swoboda,B. Morschett,D. , and Sinha,I. , 2008) Culture play an important role in determining the Brands psycheality it is perceived dissimilarl y by consumer either in culturally-homogeneous or heterogeneous markets the culture meaning which could be assigned to the brand is influenced by culture differences in diverse communities. In the paper of Brand culture and intake Chinese consumers and foreign brands Chen Li a professor of management attainment in France university dAix tells that Chinese dupe accepted foreign brands happily.Culture set are scope of determining the attitude and demeanors of consumers (Kamakura and Novak, 1992) With the increase trend of globalization, Consumers in Pakistan are now becoming more informed, demanding and forward-looking consumers attitude is changing at rapid pace. consumers are becoming aware of westernized products and they feel that buying and having a foreign product make them feel proud between their families and friends and it give them prestige and status(Kaynak. E, Kara. A, 2000).This shows that products today fetch now become more symbolic attribute for slew. The st udy therefore focus on the reason that why consumers in the market particularly Pakistan prefer foreign brands oer local brands and how culture play a role in molding the perception of consumers in making brand choice for the full-bodied fellow feeling interviews pay off been conducted with consumers that helps as a qualitative tool for the query to know the attitude and view of consumers towards local brand and foreign brands.This study is restricted to upper and philia class. 1. 1. Problem Statement The research evaluates the restore of local and foreign brands on consumer perception and the lead effect of culture on consumer perception 1. 2. Objectives of the studyThe main objective of the study is to evaluate consumer perception of local and foreign brands in the Pakistani market other objectives are as follows 1- To analyze the effect of consumer perception for foreign brands and that why multitude prefer foreign brands over local brands 2- To determine the increase i nfluence of modernization and westernization (impact of culture) affects the consumer perception of brand choice 3- To identify the effect that culture plays a discuss role when consumers make a brand choice between local and foreign brands. . 3. Signifi contributece of the research The research is important for the marketers and the companies who pauperism to enter into Pakistan as it allow help them understand the changing perception of Pakistani consumers towards brand choice. While marketing across culture many firms make marketing strategies that emphasized a standardized brand through advertising, symbols and ensurery the study help to understand the role of culture differences and acceptance of Pakistani consumers.It tells us how culture plays an important role to understand the perception of consumers, as nowadays there is a trend of westernization and race are blending west with our eastern culture. They are using global brands as to get ideas of other cultures, and th ey adjust them to make themselves the global consumers. Therefore, this research entrust be of great help to the managers and companies, as they will get to know the acceptance level of their brand by consumers. In addition, studies aim to add to the knowledge close consumer behavior and their perception of foreign vs. ocal brand in a growth market like Pakistan A firm serving foreign brands must understand how consumers in different cultures evaluate the brand. Hence this understanding of consumer choice behavior will benefit both foreign companies and local companies. 1. 4. Scope of the research The grasp of the research was to study the perceptional changes of consumer towards brand choice from the replicate cities Rawalpindi and Islamabad (The capital of Pakistan). As being a student and resident of Islamabad the study is being shame on small scale to get the boilersuit idea about the topic.The samples which seem appropriate for this particular study are consumers from P akistan 1. 5. Limitation of research The limitations of the study are that the finding is mostly done between students and faculty of different private celestial sphere universities of Islamabad and Rawalpindi. Which limit the generalizability of the finding as student represents only a subset of consumers. Future research will be conducted with a sample more representative of the entire consumers. The study selected only twain foreign brands Levis and Polo. 2.Literature Review 2. 1 Local and Foreign Brands A brand is a Name, term, design, symbol, or any other feature that identifies one sellers good or service as distinct from those of other sellers (Aaker,1996) brand is an image that act as a pathway for image range and differential point (Cretu Brodie, 2007 del Rio, Vazquez Iglesias, 2001). One of the most cited definition of local brand was formulated by Wolfe (1991 50) A local brand tidy sum be defined as a brand that exists in one country or in a limited geographical ar ea .Where a foreign brand is defined as a brand that is marketed under the same name in multiple countries with similar and centrally located coordinated marketing strategies. Levitt (1983). Competition has now become much complicated for brands as the number of brands originating from the foreign countries are increasing many foreign brands are now competing with domestic brands in all global markets and that foreign brands image is more think from brand country of origin and country image. Kim,C,K. , and Chung,J,Y. (1997) Foreign brands are perceived to be more reliable and safe in terms of quality, technology, status and esteem then local brands . unconditional brand image is implant in accordance to country of origin perception. Country of origin image influence the brand p acknowledgment for the consumer so according to (Kinra,N. , 2005) country of origin is considered to be an important factor that differentiate the consumer attitude towards local and foreign brands. In the study of (Marin and Gonzalez, 2008) People preferred foreign brands over local brands because of differentiation and enhanced quality and thats hy most of the consumers show allegiance towards global brands as far as local brands consumers perceives them in terms of popularity as they are from their own country so people mostly know about them means they are having high awareness level and they value to it in terms of fare prices The increase trend of Globalization has forced the companies to take their brands global and invest in them for the companies long term success(Arturo Bris, Willem Smit, and Michael Sorell, 2010) In some cases, p reference point for local brands whitethorn signify rebelliousness against the forces of globalization (Russell and Russell, 2006).Todays in this inter connected world markets with its consumers all over the world the global brand creates consumer perception of brand superiority (Shocker, et al, 1994 Kapferer, 1997 Keller, 1994 Ozsomer and Altara s, 2008) and it has been seen that foreign brands devour more prestige and status enhancement which make people more likely to prefer foreign brands in their purchase decision (Steenkamp, Batra, and Alden, 2003).The main difference for brand are based on the things which differentiate them from others , something unique, something good it was found by Keller (2003) that brands like FedEx and McDonald form and create their attractive image in mind of consumers by speed reliability, quality viands ,and comfort like characteristics (Harun. A et al. ,2010) consumer purchase goal for local and foreign brand is influence by brand specific variables quality emotional value e. g a sense of happiness and delight and need for uniqueness (Kumar. A et al. 2008) On the basis of literature of local and foreign brands it has been proposed 2. 2 Consumer Perception Perception is the work through which consumer attach meaning to the world around us our world live of the people experiences and o bjects that influence us (Brignall. M, 1999-2012)Consumer perception is based on demographic variables which also may have an impact on brand preferences (Dogerlioglu-Demir. K , Tansuhaj. P,2011) consumer perception for different brands depend upon the amount of information consumer have with them about it (Vithala R.Rao, 1972) consumer perception , values and behavior towards foreign brands when buying the sumptuousness fashion products is to buy a brand which enhance their status (Jap. W,2010) In a nation that has long tradition of valuing face, consumers take luxury products as a symbol of their high social status. Stated by Simons (2006) status consumption and incorruptibility are strong influencers of purchase intention (Phau. I, Teah. M, 2009). Consumer perception towards brand purchase intention is influenced by perceived quality, perceived risk, perceived value, prestige and involvement of consumer in a brand ( Hanzaee.K. H, Taghipourian. M. J, 2012) consumer perceive qual ity of a brand from its intrinsic e. g. Performance, intensity and extrinsic cues e. g Brand name and service now consumer perception towards any brand is formed that how effectively a brand satisfy its quality and overall superiority with admiration to its consumption experience (Kirmani and Baumgartner 2000). Consumer preference towards foreign products are seen due to the good quality , prestige and perceived value perception for foreign brands consumers think that consumeing a foreign brand influence the other people perception about them (Ergin. E.A, Akbay. H. O, 2010). So it is well supported in the literature that consumer perceptions are based on variables such as quality, explicit information, social status, prestige like variables consumer prefer to buy a brand that give them feeling of the ambience that creates enjoyment for consumers which is taken as a critical aspect of consumers consumption experience and in turn consumers perceive a brand in bindable with them (B abin et al. , 1994). Brands that prove and propose reliability and integrity ensure consumer trust in a brand and they create perception of loyalty for the brand ( Ok. C et al. 2011) perceived value is also a key strategic variable that helps justify repeat purchase behavior and brand loyalty (Parasuraman and Grewal 2000 Wong. A Zhou. L, 2005). 2. 3 Role of Culture What is culture? When looking in a national context its a way of life a natural inherited way of life that includes religion, spirituality, language, moral and social norms, family values, eating habits, and so on. (Tandon. S, 2004). Researchers in consumer behavior are real much aware of the necessity to understand culture so that necessities and behavior of consumers can be rattling well understood (Graham.R. J, 1981) there is an impact of culture in consumer evaluation(Mattila. A. S,1999) with the increased trend of globalization, cultures change over with each other expand opportunities available to all, Criti cs of globalization say that even if the increased trade has promote the material success and fortune it comes with high spiritual and cultural cost (Cowen. T, 2003)globalization presents a central challenge to companies around the world (Iversen and Hem 2011 Nijssen and Douglas 2011).Culture, it has well been established in the literature that brands carry and return cultural meanings (Aaker, 1997 Aaker et al. , 2001 Escalas and Bettman, 2005). Three levels of Culture identity man-to-man, relational, and corporate are suggested by Brewer and Gardner relational and collective self-identities most closely relate to social identities such as global and national identity. While individual self-identity has more personalized associations (Brewer and Gardner, 1996) (Westjohn. S. A et al. , 2011).In different cultures there are set of shared consumption link symbols, product categories, brands which are known as global consumer cultures and those which are not known to be as local co nsumer cultures associating a brand with global consumer culture flows brand equity (Dana L. Alden et al. , 1999)in order to analyze a global consumer behavior an analysis of life style and cross cultural analysis of consumer lifestyle and conventional areas of consumer decision making should be focus Hassan. S. S, Kaynak. E,(1994).Ethnocentrism is a concept which was introduced by (Sumner, 1906) (Evanschitzky. H, et al. , and 2008) it represents the universal tendency of people to view their own group as a centre of the universe they look at other social units from their group perspective. And they reject the person who is culturally dissimilar and accept the one without thinking that are culturally like themselves (Evanschitzky. H, et al. , 2008) in order to build a brand across market cultural differences across markets and communities should be examine (Moore. J,1993) 2. Link between Local and Foreign brands, Consumer Perception, Culture. While global brands may be perceived a s status enhancing tools and vehicles for expressing a desire to be part of the global consumer community, local brands may suggest low status (Batra et al. , 2000) and even closed-mindedness (Steenkamp et al. , 2003). In some cases, preference for local brands may imply resistance against the forces of globalization (Russell and Russell, 2006). Marketers are increasingly applying marketing positioning strategies to appeal to either global or local consumer cultures.In order to measure CE related to foreign- vs non-foreign-make products, (Shimp and Sharma, 1987) introduced a 17-item measurement instrument, the consumer ethnocentrism scale (CETSCALE) which we use to identify the culture dimensions and their behavior for acceptance and non acceptance of foreign products. Consumer perception or purchase behavior towards domestic and foreign product can be explained by many demographical variables and cross-culture study between two countries (Evanschitzky. H, et al. 2008) Culture orien tation influences the local versus foreign origin and effect the consumer evaluation of products either favorable or unfavorable ( Gurhan-Canli. Z , Maheswaran. D, 2000, cited by Lee. W. J et al. , 2012) Due to traditionalism in consumer perception consumers are more loyal towards local products than foreign products (Rojsek. I, 2001) in order to standardized the foreign product in different diverse societies managers must understand the adaptation and competitive advantage and for local brand strategies strength and weaknesses which they can obtain through culture knowledge which can device competitive response. Gelder. S. V,2002) On the basis of in a higher place literature we proposed that H1 The impact of foreign brands on local has positive effect on consumer perception H2 Culture has positive effect on consumer perception H3 Culture has a moderating effect on brand choice and consumer perception 3. Theoretical Framework and antecedents of variables Independent versatile Depe ndent Variable Consumer perception * graphic information * Social status * Brand Prestige * Brand Value * Brand loyalty * Durability * Price Brand choice * Brand image * Country of origin * Brand awareness Brand quality * bribe intention * Emotional Value(happiness) * Materialism Culture * Globalization * Collectivism/Individualism * exemplary Value * Traditionalism * Competition * Ethnocentrism Moderating Variable Figure-1, Theoretical Framework and identified antecedents of the variables 4. Hypothesis H1 The impact of foreign brands on local has positive effect on consumer perception In our first meditation we hypothesized that the consumer perception towards foreign brands is more positive than local brands and that they give a preference to foreign brands when they are making a brand choice.A semi-structured questionnaire has been developed to test the validity of the hypothesis. H2 Culture has positive effect on consumer perception Our second hypothesis was build on a perce ption that culture influence the perception of consumers and that factors like traditionalism, individualism, collectivism, Ethnocentrism like variables play a role in changing and making the perceptions of particular consumers in different part of the world because people living in different geographical areas and has different enjoy and preferences they have their own symbolic cultural values which come in way.H3 Culture has a moderating effect on brand choice and consumer perception Lastly in our third hypothesis we hypothesized that when consumers make a choice between local and foreign brands their perception is influenced by the cultural values and affect their choice and decisions which they take 5. Data Analysis In order to test our hypothesis and the basic assumptions which we have made for this topic we are going to test this study based on some tests through which we are going to analyze the basic kinship between the chosen variables.To test the validity of our research our testing process will include bivariate correlation coefficient and Linear Regression Analysis. In Bivariate Correlation we are going to determine that if two variables are bilinearly related to each other. In Linear Regression Analysis we will see the family between our independent variable local and foreign brands and restricted variable consumer perception. Through linear regression the researchers have tried to predict the value of consumer perception based on the value of local and foreign brand choice.Before using the test of linear regression we have make some assumptions that the chosen variables are measured at the interval or continuous level, our variables are approximately normal distributed and that there is a linear relationship between the two variables. We have used different techniques to gather the specified data. We have observed the already done research on this issue for this purpose a thorough analysis of the research papers has been done.A semi-structur ed questionnaire has been developed related to consumer perception towards local and foreign brands and then interview manner and questionnaires were distributed among the sample to get the responses for the topic. 5. 1 Population Our study group consist of the random sample of both men and women which is the representatives of entire population of twin city Islamabad and Rawalpindi (Pakistan) and from students and faculty members of different private universities located in the city, friends and family members were also been approached as this research has been done to get the idea of verall research and to understand and analyze the problem of the research. The research was mandatory as the subject requirement so that we can survey and analyze consumer responses and study their perception changing factors. 5. 2 Sample size Pakistan is a developing country and it has an emerging market. A total of 10 respondents were interviewed face-to-face. victimization a semi structured questi onnaire and a sample size of 200 respondent data has been dispassionate using a questionnaire and has been analyzed in the twin city of Pakistan. And students and faculty members were studied mostly.Over the last sextette months considerable amount of effort has been devoted to constructing reliable and valid indicators. 200 respondents were asked to fill a questionnaire which was semi-structured. 5. 3 Sampling Method If a researcher wants to choose an appropriate data collection approach they must prepare in advance a sampling regularity. There are many types of sampling method which are divided into probability and non-probability sampling. Due to availability and accessibility of the sampling frame for our research we have chosen a non-probability convenient sampling.Non probability sampling is a sampling method in which researchers can sample the group at random. This means that they can choose the sample that is available or easy approachable. Convenient sampling is a part of a non-probability sampling in it researcher have a sample which is most easily available to them and are geographically very convenient to them. Sampling method is done so that the research gets the result which is the representative of entire population. The research is done for high and middle class in Pakistan to get the idea of the perceptions for the brands from the consumers.And to check the perception and symbolic value which is been given to the brands in term of materialism and social-status price, quality in Pakistan among these two classes. 5. 4 Data Description put off 1 Correlation Descriptive Statistics believe Std. Deviation N Perception 1. 98 . 530 200 Brand 2. 33 . 428 200 Culture 2. 27 . 441 200 Correlations Perception Brand Culture Perception Pearson Correlation 1 . Sig. (2-tailed) . N 200 Brand Pearson Correlation . 430** 1 ** Sig. (2-tailed) . 00 N 200 200 Culture Pearson Correlation . 539** . 402** 1 Sig. (2-tailed) . 000 . 000 N 200 20 0 200 **. Correlation is significant at the 0. 01 level (2-tailed). Table2 Linear Regression Analysis Model Summary Model R R substantive Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the Estimate 1 . 587a . 345 . 338 . 431 a. Predictors (Constant), Culture, Brand ANOVAb Model Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. 1 Regression 19. 258 2 9. 629 51. 790 . 000a Residual 36. 627 197 . 186 Total 55. 885 199 a. Predictors (Constant), Culture, Brand b. Dependent Variable Perception Coefficientsa Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients T Sig. B Std. Error Beta 1 (Constant) . 053 . 196 . 272 . 786 Brand . 316 . 078 . 255 4. 043 . 000 Culture . 525 . 076 . 436 6. 926 . 000 a. Dependent Variable Perception In the first table which is representing the correlation analysis which determines the linear relationship between two variables.The value of our variables is Positive Significant, because of probability value is . 000 and correlation value is greater than 0. 1. We analyzed the value of the variables and there significant relation with each other. The results shows the value of variables as r1=. 430, r2=. 539, r3=. 402 which show significant relationship among three variables as the correlation is significant the value of our beta is . 255 or. 436 its what regression co-efficient would be if the mystify were fitted to standardized data. Correlation is significant at 0. 1 level, two tailed test results give the value of correlation of . 430 between the independent variable local and foreign brands and dependant variable perception. That shows a potently positive relationship among the two variables. r2=. 539 is the correlation value between the moderating variables culture and dependant variable perception the value show a more positive relationship between these two variables. The dependant variable consumer perception has more strong relation with the moderating variable culture.Which means that consumer perception has more effect of culture implications, r3=. 403 is the correlation value between the independent variable brand choice (local and foreign) and the moderating variable culture this show a slightly little strong relation among the two as compared to r2. In table 2 linear regression analysis our result give us the value of R2=. 345 which is a low value that means that model fits the data better our value for the data measured is 34. 5 %. It means that 35 percent of the consumers perception for local brands is positive and rest 65. % people prefer to buy foreign brands. F-Statistic determines the overall goodness of the test and strength of the test. The data is collected efficiently if its value is greater than equal to 10. If the probability of a F Statistic is . 000 than the data is reliable and significant. The Value of our Data is 51. 790 and significant with . 000 probability level it means that the data is collected efficiently and data is reliable. 5 Discussion The results drawn above show sig nificant relationship among variables related to consumer perception about the local and foreign brands.It has been seen that Consumer has positive perception towards foreign brands in Pakistan. Consumer give preference to the products made from US, Japan, France based on the military posture of that particular country. Perception toward a foreign brands are considered superior because of its better quality and perceived globalness its been post horse that perception of people for quality towards a local brand is low one of the respondents during an interview for the research tells that as there is already so much corruption in Pakistan.People are so much unsure about the products which are been labeled as made in Pakistan because most of the times the product quality is really low and is never guaranteed. Consumers are more satisfied when they purchase a foreign country product because it give them a sense of happiness. Consumers are ready and willing to pay for a brand who gives them an identity, a sense of trust and that is well recognized among their family and friends. Foreign brands are noticed and appreciated among consumers it make their social status and they feel proud to wear a foreign based brand.In the research of Merino. M (2008) based on Latin America tells that foreign brands are considered to be in a distinct position and that consumers prefer foreign brands over local brands because they are perceived to be more value added for the consumers. While on the other side consumer perception towards a local product is that they are of low price then foreign products and one can easily afford them but dont value and their purchase intention is low for local products. Existing literature support the view that consumers have different views and distinct preferences for local and foreign brands.As Pakistan is a developing country their preference and perception is really positive towards the brands and products which are foreign made. Uncles,M. , Sau razas,J. , 2000 also explain this fact in their research that consumers who are from developed countries prefer to buy local products means their own country products while the perception of consumers from developing countries prefer to buy foreign products. They are of the view that the quality of developed country products is most reliable. Consumers were ostly of the view that people buy foreign products as a symbol of materialism there were multiple views about this concept but mostly obligate with the fact that consumer do buy foreign products so that they can show to others that they are global consumers and that they are much better than those who did not wear or possess foreign brands with them. They judge a success of a person by the quantity of foreign based brands he/she wear. For these materialistic people value of possession of something means to reflect a social status.Sometimes foreign brands are given preference just because of their attractive outlooks and brand im age consumers buy them even if they are not satisfied paying a broad amount of money on it but it someway enhance their social status in the society and they feel proud when people appreciate them and recognize them with their brands name but even because of the fact that foreign brands are better in performance, reliability, durability esthetics and quality. It has seen in a result that many people response were that they wo after buying a foreign brand because of the high prices.But just because they are good in quality and sometimes because of the reference group pressure they buy it. Increased globalization has made the consumers more aware of the brands and people purchase foreign based sometimes because of the explicit information that they receive about it. Hence based on the above discussion our H1 is confirmed 6. 5 Consumer perception and culture West has already impacted a lot in our society which can be clearly seen and observed. Even in clothing people prefer to blend a western touch in their eastern.Many brands like Crossroads, Stoneage are the Pakistani clothing brands which give the blend of west and east clothes on the observation and results of the study it has been well analyzed that foreign brands are and will be widely accepted if introduced in Pakistan even the culture of Pakistan is traditionalist people are very much accepted towards the western society because they are so much impressed with the lifestyle and practices of the west that they want to adopt them in their consumption pattern . Local brands signify their traditions and values but foreign brands give them value and make them feel to be part of a global culture.Now people in Pakistan think that if they dont know about the particular popular foreign brands they will be considered as backward and not socially compatible with other consumers all over the world they think that different cultures have now many same norms and values there are no significant differences among the societies and they considered them the part of their own culture now. There are very few consumers who have firm beliefs and values still inside them and have ethnocentrism which makes them considered their own culture very important and they dont like and accept the people and brands which are not the part of their culture.Even for the marketers and companies who want to introduced their brands either local or foreign it is also very much important for them to consider the culture an important factor because without the significant knowledge of the consumers background, attitude, traditions, norms, values, and various other variables like either the culture of a country has collectivism or individualism approach, its going to help them to understand the attitude and behavior and purchace intention of consumers of that particular country how people are going to perceive the brand and how the brand image will be considered according to their culture the research done by Usunier.J, (2 000) his findings also tell that culture implications influence the consumer behavior which affects consumption and therefore affecting brand image. It simply exhibits that Consumer perception is influenced by the moderating role of culture when they are making brand choice between local and foreign brands. 7. Conclusion The research was aimed at understanding of the antecedents on which consumer perception is based and the impact of culture in consumer perception our findings request that consumer buy foreign brands because it is well recognized in a society and it give them a sense of having a very high quality product, half of consumers response was that it is also for prestige and status enhancement while mostly did not think it has any effect on buying of foreign products.Pakistani callowness was found to be having favorable perception about foreign brands while the adult consumers still found their own traditions and values and local brands better. 8. Recommendations Looking at the conclusions and the results of the research we hereby have suggest some recommendations for the Marketers and Companies who want to enter Pakistan and how they can advertise their brands so that it will fit with the perception of consumers and they accept it and make it a part of their culture, and even for the local brands companies who are already establish and working in Pakistan 1. Companies who want to enter Pakistan should do a though analysis of consumer perception towards that particular product which they are try to launch whether its fast moving consumer good, clothes or any other.It will help them to get the overall idea about what people are thinking about it. 2. In order to build a brand image Marketers must see the culture factors which are most influencing and effecting the consumer behavior towards the purchase intention Batra, R. ,(2000) 3. Consumer level of ethnocentrism should be taken into consideration. 4. Local brand companies should try to improve the quality of the brands along with the low price in order to overcome the competition which is been given from foreign brands. 5. There is a huge scope for the foreign based companies to enter in the market of Pakistan because of the positive acceptability and perception of foreign brands been found in our research 6.Investors should focus on specified industry to whom they are going to rump whether upper or middle class as the upper and middle class have different consumption patterns and they never shop from same shop and they have different income structures as its also been recommended in the research of Bajaj,S. ,(2008) 7. Marketers should focus on making such advertisements that match with local traditions and create emotional value for the consumers. So emotional value towards foreign brands should also be increased 8. 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Agree c. neutral d. differ e. strongly disaccord 2. Local brands are given preference because of low price? a. strongly agree b. Agree c. so-so(p) d. differ e. potently take issue 3. Foreign brands are much better in quality then local brands? a. Strongly agree b. Agree c. Neutral d. Disagree e. Strongly differ 4. You buy a foreign brand because of its brand image? a. Strongly agree b. Agree c. Neutral d. Disagree e.Strongly disaccord 5. People purchase foreign brands as a symbol of materialism? a. Strongly agree b. Agree c. Neutral d . Disagree e. Strongly disagree 6. People prefer to buy a brand whose outlooks are attractive? a. Strongly agree b. Agree c. Neutral d. Disagree e. Strongly disagree 7. Buying or wearing foreign brands show a social status of a person? a. Strongly agree b. Agree c. Neutral d. Disagree e. Strongly disagree 8. Foreign brands are more durable and long lasting then local? a. Strongly agree b. Agree c. Neutral d. Disagree e. Strongly disagree . West has impacted a lot in clothing of our society? a. Strongly agree b. Agree c. Neutral d. Disagree e. Strongly disagree 10. Sometimes you buy a brand because of the information you receive from others about it? a. Strongly agree b. Agree c. Neutral d. Disagree e. Strongly disagree 11. US brands are well recognized by consumers around the world. a. Strongly agree b. Agree c. Neutral d. Disagree e. Strongly disagree 12. Do religious norms stop you from buying foreign products? a. Strongly agree b. Agree c. Neutral d. Disagree e. Strongly disagree 13.Do local brands signify your culture and traditions? a. Strongly agree b. Agree c. Neutral d. Disagree e. Strongly disagree 14. In Pakistan people trust perception for local brands in terms of quality is low? a. Strongly agree b. Agree c. Neutral d. Disagree e. Strongly disagree 15. Due to increase globalization different cultures have many same norms and values? a. Strongly agree b. Agree c. Neutral d. Disagree e. Strongly disagree 16. Do you ever feel regret after buying foreign brands? a. Strongly agree b. Agree c. Neutral d. Disagree e. Strongly disagree