Joeseph story Essay

A. List Joseph’s risk factors and create a brief summary of the information you have so far. Identify how his risk factors would affect cellular function. Joseph had a family history of vascular disease, his weight has been increasing as a result of poor diet and has hypertension. The cells have to use more energy (ATP) in order to move nutrients it needs for cells to live. B. Assuming Joseph’s heart has stopped, what cellular processes and membrane functions are going to be affected by the loss of oxygen, blood glucose, and waste removal? Cells become leaky, sodium leak into cells while potassium leaks out. Carbon Dioxide levels raise in cells and that drives down the pH making the cells acidic and begin to die. C. Which intracellular organelles have membranes as part of their structure? How would the breakdown of the membranes of these structures affect the function of Joseph’s heart cells? These membranes enable cell movement, growth, division, secretion, and alow the exchange of oxygen. When the breakdown happens, it prevents the oxygen from being able to move into the cell it needs to go to and the cell starts to die. D. Two important pieces of information – the instructions Joseph’s body needs to repair itself and his predisposition for vascular disease – are both contained within the cell on which structures? Both pieces of information are contained within the cell nucleus in the DNA. E. Joseph’s heart attack has caused the function of his cells to change. What types of proteins in the cell membrane were involved in the homeostatic imbalances of his heart cells? The fluid mosaic model is the structure consisting of a sea of fluid lipids with different proteins (phospholipids, cholesterol, and glycolipids). F. Why was reestablishing oxygen flow to Joseph’s body so important? What processes would be affected by lack of oxygen? Without oxygen flow, cell death occurs and is irreversible. Oxygen is required for ATP (the energy source of the cells) G. Consider once again Joseph’s health history and risk factors. What could you suggest to Joseph to reduce his risk for another heart attack? I would suggest to Joseph to lose weight, change his diet and try to reduce stress. H. Explain why Joseph’s heart failed based on what you have learned so far about the function of cells in the human body. Because of poor diet and fatty foods, there was probably a large amount of lipids in the plasma membrane. These block the normal process of exchanging chemicals and proteins. When the exchange is blocked, the cells are unable to provide oxygen to cells and the cells build up lactic acid and die.

How to Calculate Beta Essay

How to Calculate Beta Beta refers to the volatility of a particular stock compared against the volatility of the entire stock market or, in practice, a representative index of that market, such as the Standard and Poor’s (S;amp;P) 500. Beta is an indicator of how risky a particular stock is and is used to evaluate its expected rate of return. Beta is one of the fundamentals stock analysts consider when choosing stocks for their portfolios, along with price-to-earnings ratio, shareholder’s equity, debt-to-equity ratio and other factors. Here’s how to calculate beta and use beta to figure an expected rate of return. This is the rate of return an investor could expect on an investment in which his or her money is not at risk, such as U. S. Treasury Bills for investments in U. S. dollars and German Government Bills for investments that trade in euros. This figure is normally expressed as a percentage.Determine the respective rates of return for the stock and for the market or representative index. These figures are also expressed as percentages. Usually, the rates of return are figured over several months. * Either or both of these values may be negative, meaning that investing in the stock or the market (index) as a whole would mean a loss against the investment during the period. Subtract the risk-free rate from the market (or index) rate of return. If the market or index rate of return is 8 percent and the risk-free rate is again 2 percent, the difference would be 6 percent. Divide the difference in the stock’s return rate minus the risk-free rate by the market (or index) rate of return minus the risk-free rate. This is the beta, which is typically expressed as a decimal value. In the example above, the beta would be 5 divided by 6, or 0. 833. * The beta of the market itself, or its representative index, is by definition 1. 0, as the market is being compared against itself and any nonzero number divided by itself equals. A beta less than 1 means that the stock is less volatile than the market as a whole, while a beta greater than 1 means the stock is more volatile than the market as a whole. The beta value can be less than zero, meaning either that the stock is losing money while the market as a whole is gaining (more likely) or that the stock is gaining while the market as a whole is losing money (less likely). * When figuring beta, it is common, though not required, to use an index representative of the market in which the stock trades. For U. S. stocks, the S&P 500 is the index sually used, although an industrial stock may be better served by comparing it against the Dow Jones Industrial Average.

The problem to be investigated is ethical challenges and grey areas Essay

The problem to be investigated is ethical challenges and grey areas within business processes that are exploited by businesses for financial gain. Laddering, Layered investment strategy - Essay Example Once the prices escalate, the shares are sold to make profits from the gullible public. Goldman has been using this strategy to make quick money. It is ethically wrong. Business ethics are mainly principles and values that guide business strategies and decision-making processes to promote responsible behavior. Kantian ethical theory is implicit in its universalism and proposes that one must act in a manner that one would expect others to act towards oneself (Johnson, 2008). Goldman Sachs had used underhand techniques to deliberately increase the price of shares and then float the same share into the market to profit. Hence, Goldman was highly unethical and exploited the trust of the public to gain profits. Laddering It is an agreement between the client and the firm whereby the client or buyer promises to buy the shares of IPO at a higher price above the initial one so that its market shares are guaranteed to increase. This is a scam between the underwriter for the IPO and the favore d client to make money at the cost of general public. Goldman Sachs has been responsible for committing this crime with the deliberate intention of fraud. Not only has the company violated the trust and confidentiality of other clients but also its irresponsible and fraudulent behavior has resulted in the bankruptcy of the new firm whose IPO was floated. A prime example is eToys, which had gone bankrupt. Hosmer (1994) asserts that business decisions need to be constructed on the basis of economic considerations, ethical values and moral obligations to its various stakeholders. Goldman’s sole purpose was to make profit and benefit few clients thereby harming the interests of its other clients and public in general. Hence, its conduct and business practice was hugely unethical. CDO or collateralized debt obligations Collateralized debt obligations are financial instruments that are mortgage backed and, therefore, attractive to clients. The short sale and maintaining short subpr ime position considerably benefits the firm. In 2008, Goldman became a bank holding company. Though the company was brought under the regulation of Federal Reserve Bank, it also obtained easy access to funds from Federal Reserve at zero percent interest and no time limit. It started recommending CDO to its clients. The mortgage pools of CDOs were not good and were purposely chosen for their low value by the finance director, Paulson. The deal was structured by a trusted company that continued to question the validity of the mortgage pool. Goldman insured the CDOs for $11 million with AIG. The company has created false demands by buying it and then selling it in open market to make short position. When Goldman pulled out, the clients were left with $40 million of securities which had no worth. Goldman sold its insurance profits to hedge funds. Goldman’s culture was based on maximizing profit and money for themselves and their select few clients. Promising to make a person rich by forty was the critical philosophy that encouraged them to evolve innovative ways to manipulate market and cheat general public. The general culture of dishonesty and non-accountability towards their various stakeholders was an important ingredient of their work environment. Thus, values and ethics played no part in their decision-making processes. They only conformed to the legal

ENG 101 Final paper for college Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

ENG 101 Final paper for college - Essay Example However, it accomplishes this in certain situations. The immigration and citizenship legislation involves relatives’ reunification prerequisites, for instance, which permit U.S nationals to petition for relatives from other nations to join them. The immigration and citizenship legislation involves relatives’ reunification prerequisites, for instance, which permit U.S nationals to petition for relatives from other nations to join them. Moreover, there is a provision for illegal aliens to remain in the U.S if their removal would cause extreme suffering to their siblings. Many immigrants travel to the U.S to fund their kid’s education in their home nations. This has devastating consequences on the children. Mother’s division from their kids is the worst of the devastating consequences. The main quandary is that most immigrants are not able to return to their nations to visit their kids and relatives. Many children tolerate long divisions from parents during m igration procedures. These kids confront issues such as anguish, loss and lack of connection. Their parents endure an analogous experience guilt and apprehension (King, p.3). Immigration to the U.S is an extremely contentious topic. When individuals leave their nations, there are implications on their relatives. Most immigrants relocate to other nations to obtain an excellent life for their relatives, especially for their kids. This discourse is an exploration of the significance of mothers immigrating to the U.S while leaving their families. It delves into justifying why this is crucial to many individuals from impoverished nations. Moreover, it illustrates why these individuals should be permitted to immigrate. There are numerous explications regarding people’s immigration into the U.S. The main explication regards searching for employment. Mainly, this immigration concerns impoverished nations and families. Mothers, for instance, relocate so that their kids can obtain a perfect

National Law being non-Codified but following principle of judicial Essay

National Law being non-Codified but following principle of judicial precedent - Essay Example On the other hand, uncodified constitutions, such as that of the UK permit considerable flexibility and scope for amendment or abolition of their contents.2 It has been contended by some scholars that the UK could not entertain a codified constitution, principally due to the doctrine of parliamentary sovereignty. However, this stance has been challenged by other scholars, who are firmly convinced that parliamentary sovereignty and a codified constitution can coexist. 3 Precedent in the judicial context tends to deprive the judicial process of flexibility. There is an inordinate dependency on past events, which evolving social and political conditions tend to render irrelevant to the present. Similarly, what is decided under a particular set of circumstances today, would have to be complied with in the future, if a similar set of circumstances were to prevail. This is patently unjust and unreasonable. 5 From the above discussion it becomes very clear that any system based on precedent is not in touch with the contemporary situation. Society and politics are dynamic systems, which keep evolving continuously. Such inexorable and persistent evolution necessitates a flexible approach, which is signally absent in any system based on precedent. This makes a strong case for adopting and implementing a codified constitution in the UK. Blick A, (February 2011) ‘Codifying – or not codifying – the UK constitution: A Literature Review’ accessed 4 September

Explain the Theme of a Short Story Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Explain the Theme of a Short Story - Essay Example Bahiyya suffers from discrimination in her own family. Born of a Muslim family, she needs to succumb to the decrees of her religion. In the Muslim tradition, men are considered powerful than women. In fact, they are vested with the power to rule over women, thus they are given the privilege to dominate the women around them, including their mother and older siblings. In the story, Bahiyya’s mother tells her, â€Å"When your father’s gone, he’ll be the man in the family and what he says goes†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (365). This makes Bahiyya feel how unfortunate it is for her to be a woman. Bahiyya also questions the absurd traditions in her society. When she was younger, she experienced female genital mutilation (FGM). According to the World Health Organization website, FGM is a procedure that intentionally causes injury to the female genitals for non-medical reasons. Bahiyya mentions this experience using a metaphor as she compares her genitals to the mulberry, thus she says that the women â€Å"cut the mulberry with a razor† (368). Rifaat did not mention the term FGM to make it sound metaphoric and to illustrate the innocence of Bahiyya but she suggests that FGM can affect a woman’s sexual fulfilment as Bahiyya confesses, â€Å"I wasn’t all that happy with him†¦perhaps the reason was what those women did to me with the razor when I was a young girl† (367). Rifaat may have used â€Å"perhaps† to suggest Bahiyya’s ignorance but readers may interpret it as a means to sound less assuming so as not to make the work too contr oversial. The story also tackles the unjust marital arrangement in the Muslim tradition. As seen in the story, Bahiyya is in love with Hamdan but is made to marry Dahshan. The inability of women to decide for marriage is still an issue among the Muslims until now. In the story, Rifaat uses the romance between Hamdan and Bahiyya to gain the

Ted Talks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ted Talks - Essay Example Brooks seeks to find out if we can balance these two selves. I do believe that we can balance the two selves since us human beings need morals, which are the external logic to attain a reward which is part of the internal logic. I strong concur with Jeremy Kasdin in his video titled â€Å"The flower-shaped starshade that might help us detect Earth-like planets.† With the universe and every star in the galaxy surrounded by planets, there is need to find out which of these planets harbor life. Kasdin, with a team of scientists who support his cause, are to come up with an extraordinary invention which will be positioned 50,000 Km from a telescope. They call it the flower petal-shaped â€Å"starshade.† This extraordinary piece of science will help reduce the diffracting light thus making planets visible in the dim space and thus help further studies on them. This breakthrough in science and technology will enable astronomers determine the capabilities of planets in the solar system to harbor life. For me it is one the best innovation ever. Allan Adams in his video titled, â€Å"The discovery that could rewrite physics† explains that in the night sky there exists stars and further away galaxies. However, much further away, there is nothing visible. Afterwards, a faint, fading afterglow representing the â€Å"Big bang† is prevalent according to Adams. Big bang according to Adam marked the era in the formation of the universe which happened million years ago. Adam goes on to compare the universe with a large bubble surrounded by something and calls this inflation. This serves as an idea of the Big bang theory of the formation of the universe. Adams goes on to explain what it means in a physics theoretical way by using a hammer and bell as an example. In my opinion, I find the idea theoretical and applicable for science and not Christianity and its beliefs. I strongly

Business law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words - 2

Business law - Essay Example In this context, the case of Foss v Harbottle1 will be relevant, since it allows for the protection of minority shareholders within a Company and allows them to file suit against unfair conduct and a compromising of their interests. For example, in the case of Burland v Earle2 the issue under consideration was the allegation of the minority shareholders that fraud was being perpetrated on them, and those responsible for the fraud were the ones in control of the company. While Higbert may not be able to contest the manner in which he is being marginalized on the basis of fraud, he can certainly bring suit against the other Directors who are in control of the Company for conduct that is unfair to his interests as a shareholder and Director of the Company. In his position as a minority shareholder, Higbert can consider bringing a suit against the other three Directors under Section 459 of the Companies Act of 1985, requesting the Court to pass an order decreeing that the affairs of the Company â€Å"are being conducted or have been conducted in a manner which is unfairly prejudicial to its members generally or of some part of its members.†2 Higbert also satisfies the conditions necessary for a person to file under Section 459, i.e, (a) he is one of the shareholders affected by the prejudicial conduct and (b) action under Section 459 can also be taken for proposed unfair conduct. Re R.A. Noble and Sons (Clothing Ltd)3 – in this case, the Company was founded as a quasi partnership, along similar lines as Hippos Ltd where the partners were also shareholders. One shareholder sued and won under Section 459, because he was excluded from the management. In effect, maginalizing Higbert also amounts to partial exclusion from the management of the Company and therefore this case may be successfully applied in Higbert’s case.. Other

Behavioural competencies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Behavioural competencies - Essay Example he competencies of customer focus, effective communication, interpersonal effectiveness, and relationship management to reflect the need to deal with customers in an exceptional manner. I have made the competencies as ‘generic’ as possible so that they cut across functions. Listed in the following sections are the competencies, with each having a definition and behavioural indicators for each level. The four levels are sound understanding, working knowledge, can do, and mastery and expertise. For the Senior Sales Assistant, the required level for all competencies is pegged at 3 (Can Do level). A strong drive and/or bias for producing results based on a high standard of excellence. These standards may be one’s own past performance (striving for improvement); an objective and tested measure (best practice); delivering responsive and empathic service (customer focus); or improving what anyone has ever done (innovation). Unique accomplishments and achieving performance objectives also indicate this competency. The ability to demonstrate and display self-direction or self-motivation. This includes the ability to maintain active personal energy and interest in learning as well as displaying dynamism and balance while engaging in ongoing personal development. This includes the ability to act as a role model demonstrating accountability, integrity, professional competence and trust and the ability to act in accordance to the highest standards of business ethics and protocols of the organisation. The genuine desire and ability to anticipate, understand, meet or exceed the needs of internal and external customers. This includes seeking first-hand information from customers, using own technical knowledge and consulting skill to go beyond customers expressed needs as well as taking personal responsibility for continuously raising the standard of customer service. The ability to actively listen, understand and respond appropriately when interacting with individuals

Mergers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Mergers - Essay Example Specifically, an analysis of the market would be conducted. This entails understanding if the market is growing, or if the competitors are cannibalizing each others’ members. Additionally, reviewing ease of entry into the market is done. This is achieved through reviewing the growth of new competitors in the market. Assessment would be conducted to understand if the new competitors have taken significant market share or if the market is locked in among the current players. Reputation in the market: Conduct an assessment of the image, brand, and the member service reputation of the merging credit union. Reputation can be effectively assessed by using the Better Business Bureau, industry associations, and social media sites. Viability of membership groups: Viability of membership groups would be investigated. This is through review of the major SEG and garnering the stability of the industry. Review is also conducted on the membership opportunity and geography of the membership. Major contracts: Review all employment agreements, major supplier, equipment leases, and legal agreements. Determine what line of business or products have been outsourced. Due to the size of the merging credit union they may have third parties perform multiple activities including engaging directly with members. Review the contracts to determine termination timelines and that the contracts clearly define expectations and responsibilities of the third party to help ensure the contacts enforceability, limit the credit unions liability, and mitigate disputes about performance. Leased: If the branch is leased, then review the lease and any amendments. If the lease term is under 18 months, analyze the cost of a move. If the term is over 18 months; financial analysis would be done based on location, accessibility, easements, adequate space, and the cost of renovations. Assets: Cash, securities, and loans. Assess asset classes in real

Hocheng Philippines Corporation Essay Example for Free

Hocheng Philippines Corporation Essay Hocheng Philippines Corporation has been well-known for their finest creations of bathroom fixtures and accessories. It has acquired latest high-tech machineries and equipped workforce to provide high-quality porcelain products which is considered to be their main priority. Most of their production relies on these machineries that might result to interruption if there will be some technical problems experienced. Back up plan should be established to at least avoid delay in production. Safety in workplace is essential and should not be neglected by the management. There is a Violation Receipt which is intended for strict compliance with the rules regarding proper attire for safety. Someone noticed to be in violation will be reprimanded. Though, while exploring all the sides of the plant, I saw employees not in their uniforms, only wearing shorts and are topless which maybe is permissible to the management since these specific employees are under casting process. On the other hand, I noticed that there are a lot of ceiling fans that help in fast drying of the clays molded/ceramics that make much of the dust spread in air around the place which requires wearing of masks whenever in the workplace, but none of them wears one. This could be a huge risk in their health. The company must provide a strong policy regarding the implementation of wearing mask every time they are exposed to dust, come up with an excellent way to oblige employees in obeying with the plant instructions for worker protection and inform them about the hazards. Furthermore, there is only a little supervision from the management to its employees in actual testing of the outputs. One of them disclosed that before packing, testing the ‘flush’ should be made, but this is sometimes made randomly, and not for the entire units. There should be someone responsible for ensuring that all products went under testing and that all the employees are doing their jobs, most especially for those employees sleeping during lunch breaks. Someone must be roaming around, to check if none of them does that during work hours. Good thing about the production process is that it is well automated which minimizes human intervention and speeds up the process. But its huge reliance to machines results to possible delay in production if even just one part of it fails to function properly. If the machine crashes or experiences some technical problems, the production will be in halt. Thus, back up equipment or plan should be prepared by the management in case this happens. Sanitation and freshness were well-emphasized by the company. Of course, those are essential and of a great deal to their consumers. As a matter of fact, it was shown in the video that the pans used in baking are regularly and intensively cleaned and how these are cleaned but none was indicated about cleaning the machines used. Dough is not only placed on the pans, these also touch other parts of equipment before reaching the packaging section. It is impossible that these machines will never be subject to dirt, even if it is in a closed area. Therefore, they should find a way to maintain these machines sanitized, cleaning them regularly as possible without affecting the time allotted for the production. Upon observing in a short span of time, though in a limited view, a huge bulk of dough came into my attention. It was at the floor. I have no idea regarding the plan for that filthy dough but most probably, it is not going near our mouth. Hence, it should be segregated to a separate container, clearly emphasizing that it is no longer to be used for production to ensure that confusion will be avoided and that there is no chance of accidentally including it to clean ones. Strength Hocheng Philippines Corporation has been well-known for their finest creations of bathroom fixtures and accessories. It has acquired latest high-tech machineries and equipped workforce to provide high-quality porcelain products which is considered to be their main priority. As what one of the employees said, â€Å"We do not let our product even with just a small slight crack reach our customers. † In fact, all processes have TQC (Total Quality Control). There is QA (Quality Assurance) every month, like an auditing to randomly check if quality requirements are met to have quality-products. It serves as systematic requirement, a comparison with a standard. In addition to this, every certain period, there is four-hour training for skills development of the current employees. Kanban System is implemented in the company. It is a scheduling system for lean and JIT (Just-in-time) production, which has been proven to be a great way for improvement in the entire production. And, there is automation in maintaining/monitoring inventory. To simplify and speed up in updating the inventory level, the company uses barcode. However, for those items that are broken or defective, updating in inventory system is done manually and it is handled by three people, eliminating the possibility of having false information regarding these outputs. HCG uses Proximity scan (through ID) in entering the plant. This improves efficiency and reduces the possibility of deception. Furthermore, check list of materials to be used for casting is prepared by an immediate supervisor and if the materials prepared are found out to be insufficient, the employees themselves will approach a person in charge to have material requisition. Also, there is move ticket to authorize every time there will be transferring of materials. Almost stages in the whole system require documentation. Even for those items that are to be disposed, are being accompanied by appropriate records which help in audit trail purposes.

Marriage and Muslim Law

Marriage and Muslim Law The researcher has adopted a doctrinal form of research to do his project. The project entails the researcher to analyzes the concept of marriage under muslim law. Various sources both primary and secondary sources have been consulted for the same. No part of this project is plagiarized and the project is the original work of the researcher. Introduction To what extent is sharia a fixed set of norms that apply to all Muslims? Many assume that sharia rules can simply be found either by reading the Quran, or by listening to the opinion of any Muslim priest. They also assume that all Muslims are bound by the same rules, and that sharia rules can thusbe enforced across national borders to all Muslims equally, in the MiddleEast, Africa, Asia, and Europe. But is this correct? And if not, what then is the correct understanding of sharia? When people refer to the sharia, they are, in fact, referring to their sharia in the name of the eternal will of the Almighty God. The variety of meanings of sharia has given rise to a flexible, multi-interpretable discourse about sharia and law which moves smoothly from one meaning of sharia to another. Marriage or Nikah in Islamic law is a contract pure and simple needing no writing and no scared rites. All that is necessary is offer and acceptance made in the presence and hearing of two male or female witnesses and recording the factum of marriage in the Nikah Register maintained in every mosque signed by the parties and attested by witnesses. It is payable to the wife on the dissolution of marriage or death or divorce. In India, there is no need to register the Muslim marriage, as there is no law requiring registration. I am grateful to Dr.Vijender Kumar to give me this valuable opportunity to do a project on The Concept of Marriage under Muslim Law. We have seen, it is the family law that has always represented the very heart of the Sharia, for it is this part of the law that is regarded by the Muslims as entering into the very warp and woof of their religion. Generally speaking, in the law of the family alone that the Sharia is still applied to some four hundred million Muslims, for it is virtually only in the Arabian Peninsula, Afghanistan, Northern Nigeria that the Sharia is applied today, as such, outside the sphere of family relations and personal status. It is precisely in regards to the law of marriage and divorce that the battle is joined today between the forces of conservatism and and progress in the Muslim world, and the vicissitudes of that battle provide, as we have seen, a gauge of social progress, a mirror of the advance of modernism in Islam, and an illustration of how a nominally immutable law can be changed in practice. Let us start then with a summary statement of Islamic law in these matters. A Muslim woman is bound to monogamy, while a Muslim man may have as many as four wives at once, but no more. In addition, the Ithna Ashari branch of the Shia, alone , allows him to have any number temporary marriages, or marriage of enjoyment, while all schools allow a man to indulge rights of concubinage with his own female slaves. Any sexual intercourse outside these limits  [1]  constitute zina, or illicit sex relations, for which the punishment is death by stoning in the case of an offender who has ever consummated a lawful marriage, and one hundred lashes in the case of others. But these penalties can seldom be properly imposed because of the exceedingly exacting standard of proof required, and the principle that such punishments are averted by any circumstance of doubt-besides the fact that Islamic criminal law has today only a very limited application. In addition a Muslim husband may repudiate his wife or wives at any time and at his unilateral discretion. So much for a very general summary. It is essential, however, first to consider this against its historical background and then elaborate it in greater detail. Marriages in Islam Islam, unlike other religions is a strong advocate of marriage. There is no place for celibacy like, for example the Roman Catholic priests and nuns. The prophet (pbuh) has said there is no celibacy in Islam. Marriage is a religious duty and is consequently a moral safeguard as well as a social necessity. Islam does not equal celibacy with high taqwa / Iman. The prophet has also said, Marriage is my tradition who so ever keeps away there from is not from amongst me. Marriage acts as an outlet for sexual needs and regulate it so one does not become a slave to his/ her desires. It is a social necessity because through marriage, families are established and the family is the fundamental unit of our society. Furthermore, marriage is the only legitimate or halal way to indulge in intimacy between a man and a woman. Islam takes a middle of the road position to sexual relations , it neither condemns it like certain religions, nor does it allow it freely. Islam urges us to control and regulate our desires, whatever they may be so that we remain dignified and not become like animals. Historical Background In pre-Islamic Arabia, it seems, there were several types of marriage, ranging probably from the patrilineal and including the so-called marriage of temporary enjoyment. The most respectable form, however, was a patrilineal marriage in which the groom paid a dower for, or to, his bride. This has developed no doubt, out of the widespread custom of paying bride-wealth to the tribe or the family of the bride for the loss of her reproductive capacity and as a stabilization both of the union and of the relation between two families; but it would seem that even before the the advent of Islam the dower had come to be regarded in Arabia as properly belonging to the bride herself. In any case this is a characteristic of the Islamic law of marriage, however much it is still disregarded in practice in some quarters. Muslim jurists often in fact employ the simile of sale, and regard the dower as consideration for marital rights-a consideration that constitutes an essential element in every Muslim marriage. Nor is this dower repayable on divorce, in Islamic law, once the marriage has been consummated, even where the wife is primarily at fault, except by her own voluntary agreement. Hanafis, on the other hand, consider that an adult woman may contract herself in marriage provided she chooses a husband who is her equal in respect of family, trade, religion, and so forth; that only minors may be given in marriage without their consent; and that even minors have an option of repudiating such a marriage when they reach majority I all cases in which the guardian who acted for them was other than father or grandfather.  [2]  The other Sunni schools exclude marriage by compulsion by any except the father or fathers father (or, in the case of the Malikis, the father or father or his executor); but they extend such compulsion, in respect of virgins daughters, far beyond majority. In addition, a man is prohibited from being married, at one and the same time, to two women who would be debarred, were one of them a male, from marrying each other;  [3]   An Overview of Concept of Marriage in Muslim Law Islam, unlike other religions is a strong advocate of marriage. There is no place of celibacy in Islam like the Roman Catholic priests nuns. The Prophet has said There is no Celibacy in Islam. Marriage acts as an outlet for sexual needs regulates it so one doesnt become slave to his/her desires. It is a social need because through marriage, families are established and the families are the fundamental entity of our society. Furthermore marriage is the only legitimate or halal way to indulge in intimacy between a man and woman. Islamic marriage although permits polygamy but it completely prohibits polyandry. Polygamy though permitted was guarded by several conditions by Prophet but these conditions are not obeyed by the Muslims in toto. Marriage:-Pre Islamic Position Before the birth of Islam there were several traditions in Arab. These traditions were having several unethical processes like:- (i) Buying of girl from parents by paying a sum of money. (ii) Temporary marriages. (iii) Marriage with two real sisters simultaneously. (iv) Freeness of giving up and again accepting women. These unethical traditions of the society needed to be abolished; Islam did it and brought a drastic change in the concept of marriage. Marriage Defined It is quiet relevant to know whether the Muslim marriage is a sacrament like the Hindu marriage, for this let us get acquainted with some of the definitions of Muslim marriage. (a)  Hedaya  [4]  : Marriage is a legal process by which the several process and procreation and legitimation of children between man and women is perfectly lawful and valid. (b)  Bailies Digest  [5]  :- A Nikah in Arabic means Union of the series and carries a civil contract for the purposes of legalizing sexual intercourse and legitimate procreation of children. (c)  Ameer Ali  Ã‚  [6]  :- Marriage is an organization for the protection of the society. This is made to protect the society from foulness and unchestity. (d)  Abdur Rahim  [7]  :- The Mahomedan priests regard the institution of marriage as par taking both the nature of Ibadat or devotional arts and Muamlat or dealings among men. (e)  Mahmood J.  [8]  :- Marriage according to the Mahomedan law is not a sacrament but a civil contract. (f) Under Section 2 of Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act, 1986 Marriage or Nikah among Muslims is a Solemn Pact or Mithaq-e-ghalid between a man a woman soliciting each others life companionship, which in law takes the form of a contract or aqd. Its a matter of query still existing whether Muslim marriage is only a civil contract or an Ibadat Muamlat. While unleashing the various definitions its quite a big problem to say which one is the most appropriate, in my opinion although the essentials of a contract is fulfilled yet marriage can never be said to be a contract because marriage always creates a bondage between the emotions and thinking of two person. .J Sarsah Sulaiman  [9]  has said In Islam , marriage is not only a civil contract but also a sacrament. Muslim marriage can also be differentiated from a civil contract on the basis of following points:- (a) It cannot be done on the basis of future happenings unlike the contingent contracts. (b) Unlike the civil contract it cannot be done for a fixed period of time. (Muta Marriage being an exception.) Purpose of Marriage The word Zawj is used in the Quran to mean a pair or a mate. The general purpose of marriage is that the sexes can provide company to one another, procreate legitimate children live in peace tranquility to the commandments of Allah. Marriage serves as a mean to emotional sexual gratification and as a mean of tension reduction. Marriage compulsory or not ? According to Imams Abu Hanifa, Ahmad ibn Hanbal Malik ibn Anas, marriage in Islam is recommendatory, however in certain individuals it becomes Wajib or obligatory. Imam Shafi considers it to Nafl or Mubah (preferable). The general opinion is that if a person , male or female fears that if he/she does not marry they will commit fornication, then marriage becomes Wajib. However, one should not marry if he does not possess the means to maintain a wife and future family or if he has no sex drive or if dislikes children, or if he feels marriage will seriously affect his religious obligations. Prophet said:- When a man marries he has fulfilled half of his religion, so let him fear Allah regarding the remaining half. This very wording of Prophet marks the importance of marriage, thus it could be well concluded that marriage in Islam is must. Capacity for Marriage The general essentials for marriage under Islam are as follows:- (i) Every Mahomedan of sound mind and having attained puberty can marry. Where there is no proof or evidence of puberty the age of puberty is fifteen years. (ii) A minor and insane (lunatic) who have not attained puberty can be validly contracted in marriage by their respective guardians. (iii) Consent of party is must. A marriage of a Mahomedan who is of sound mind and has attained puberty, is void, if there is no consent. Requirements of Muslim Nikah The solemnization of a Muslim marriage requires adherence to certain forms and formulas. They are called the essentials of a valid marriage. If any of these requirements is not fulfilled the marriage becomes either void or irregular, as the case may be. The essentials are as follows: Proposal and Acceptance Competent Parties No legal Disability Absolute Prohibition There is absolute prohibition of marriage in case or relationship of consanguinity which means the relationship of the person through his/her father or mother on the ascending side, or through his or her own on the descending side. Marriage among the persons related by affinity, ie, through the wife is not permitted. Marriage with foster mother and other related through such foster mother is also void. Relative Prohibitions : Unlawful conjunction Marrying a fifth wife Marrying a woman undergoing iddat Marrying non-Muslim Absence of proper witnesses Woman contracting a second marriage during the subsistence of the first marriage. The following marriages are also prohibited: Marrying pregnant women Marrying own divorced wife Marrying during pilgrimage Essentials of Marriage The essentials of a valid marriage are as follows:- (i) There should be a proposal made by or on behalf of one of the parties to the marriage, and an acceptance of the proposal by or on behalf of the other party. (ii) The proposal and acceptance must both be expressed at once meeting. (iii) The parties must be competent. (iv) There must be two male or one male two female witnesses, who must be sane and adult Mahomedan present hearing during the marriage proposal and acceptance. (Not needed in Shia Law) (v) Neither writing nor any religious ceremony is needed. Essentials Explored (i) A Muslim marriage requires proposal Ijab from one party and acceptance Qubul from the other side. This must be done in one sitting. (ii) The acceptance must be corresponding to what is being offered. (iii) The marriage must be effectively immediate. If the Wali says I will marry her to you after two months, there is no marriage. (iv) The two parties must be legally competent; i.e. they must be sane and adult. (v) The women must not be from the forbidden class. (vi) The consent given must be free consent,. It must not be an outcome of compulsion, duess, coercion or undue influence. Kinds of Marriage Under Muslim generally two types of marriage is recognized   (i) Regular Marriage (essentials discussed earlier) (ii) Muta marriage Muta Marriage: Muta marriage is a temporary marriage. Muta marriage is recognized in Shia only. Sunni law doesnt recognize it. (Baillie, 18). A Shia of the male sex may contract a Muta marriage with a woman professing the Mahomedan, Christian or Jewish religion, or even with a woman who is a fire worshipper but not with any woman following any other religion. But a Shia woman cannot contract a Muta marriage with a non muslim. The essentials of Muta marriage are:- (1) The period of cohabitation should be fixed. (2) Dower should be fixed. (3) If dower specified, term not specified, it could amount to permanent or regular marriage. (4) If term fixed dower not specified, it amounts to void marriage. Aspects of Marriage (i) Valid or Sahih (ii) Irregular or Fasid (iii) Void or Batil (i) Valid or Sahih Marriage: -  Under the Muslim law, a valid marriage is that which has been constituted in accordance with the essential conditioned prescribed earlier. It confers upon the wife; the right of dower, maintenance and residence, imposes on her obligation to be faithful and obedient to her husband, admit sexual intercourse with him observe Iddat. (ii) Irregular or Fasid Marriage:   Those marriages which are outcome of failures on part of parties in non fulfillment of prerequisites but then also are marriages; to be terminated by one of he party is termed to be Irregular marriages. They are outcome of- (a) A marriage without witness (Not under Shia Law) (b) Marriage with fifth wife. (c) Marriage with a women undergoing Iddat. (d) Marriage with a fire-worshipper. (e) Marriage outcome of bar of unlawful conjunction. An irregular marriage has no legal effect before consummation but when consummated give rise to several rights obligations. (iii) Void or Batil Marriage:- A marriage which is unlawful from its beginning. It does not create any civil rights or obligations between the parties. The offspring of a void marriage is illegitimate. They are outcome of- (a) Marriage through forced consent. (b) Plurality of husband. (c) Marriage prohibited on the ground of consanguinity. (d) Marriage prohibited on the ground of affinity. (e) Marriage prohibited on the ground of fosterage. Effect of Marriage (Sahih) The lawful obligations which arise after marriage are as follows- (i) Mutual intercourse legalized and the children so born are legitimate. (ii) The wife gets power to get Mahr (iii) The wife entitles to get maintenance. (iv) The husband gets right to guide and prohibit the wifes movement(for valid reasons only) (v) Right of succession develops. (vi) Prohibition of marriage due to affinity. (vii) Women bound to complete Iddat period not to marry during Iddat period; after divorce or death of husband. The ob ligations and rights set between the two parties during and after the marriage are to be enforced till legality. On the basis of a marriage husband and wife do not get the right on one anothers property. THE MARRIAGE CEREMONY: 1. Engagement or Mangni: Does not qualify the future spouses to go out together, even if the parents consent. Man and woman become permissible for each other only after the performance of Nikah. 2. Dowry: The unislamic system of demanding and accepting dowry must be avoided at all costs. Shariah does not make any expense incumbent on the bride/brides parents. Even the marriage expenses, it is recommended to be borne by the bridegroom. However, the bride can bring whatever she wants of her free will, and it will always belong to her. 3. Other Unislamic Customs: Many other unislamic customs have crept into the marriage ceremony of some Muslims. These customs are either borrowed from non-Muslim cultures or continue because they are established in past generations. One must avoid them if they are against the Shariah, even if some people are displeased. Other customs like the breaking of coconut etc. also do not feature among the Islamic rituals. All actions, customs etc., which show disrespect to Islam or weaken the importance of Islam, have to be avoided. 4. Haraam Acts: Some of the rituals in marriage ceremonies are absolutely Haraam like the playing of music. It is also Haraam for ladies to go for mixed gatherings without proper Hijab. Such things invite divine wrath and take away the blessings of this auspicious occasion. In the Islamic Law, marriage is an Aqd, a contract. The components of this contract are as follows: A. Proposal: In Islam the process of proposal by a man to a woman for her hand in marriage, or for that matter, to her family, is encouraged. Islam considers this natural, and recommends it as an act of respectability and dignity for women. B. Mahr: And the intending husband is asked to offer a Mahr to the bride. Holy Quran says, And give women their Mahr as a free gift, but if they of themselves be pleased to give up to you a portion of it, then eat it with enjoyment and with wholesome result. (Surah Nisa 4:4) The following points are worthy of consideration: a) Mahr must be agreed upon by the marrying partners themselves, not by parents. b) Mahr is her right, to which her husband remains indebted. c) It is a free gift and not her price. The Mahr may be cash, kind or non-material (like training or teaching something). It can be paid up front or can be in form of promise to pay upon demands decided prior to the solemnization of marriage. Moajjal (immediate), Muwajjal and Indat-talab (on demand). However, it is much recommended to pay it before or at the time of Nikah itself. C. The Nikah Ceremony: According to Shariah, the wife-to-be says, An Kahtu nafsaka alal mahril maloom. (I have given away myself in Nikah to you, on the agreed Mahr.).Immediately, the man (bridegroom) says, Qabiltun Nikaha. (I have accepted the Nikah.).With these pronouncements, they become husband and wife. If the marrying partners are not able to recite the formula in Arabic, one or two persons or priests are appointed and authorized to officiate. One who represents the bride would first seek her explicit consent to officiate on her behalf, and so would the other who acts on behalf of the groom. Naturally, there would be a slight variation in the pronouncements, because the persons reciting them are appointees. A person who represents the bride would initiate by saying, Ankahtu muwakkilati muwakkilaka alal mahril maloom. (I give away in Nikah the woman who has thus appointed and authorized me, to the man who has authorized you, on an agreed Mahr.) The grooms representative would respond, Qabiltunnikaaha limuwakkili alal mahril maloom. (I accept the Nikah on behalf of the one who has appointed me, on the agreed Mahr.) It is mustahab to recite a brief discourse or Khutba before the Nikah formula is enunciated. In this Khutba, Allah is praised for His Wisdom in regulating the lawful process of procreation, and then the traditions from Holy Prophet Muhammad (s.a.w.) are also recited. D. Time of Marriage Ceremony: Though basically marriage is allowed at all times, there are some days on which marriage is not recommended; some of these are based on ahadith and some on cultural, historical reasons.Generally, we can categorize these days into three: (a) There are some ahadith which say that it is makruh (not recommended) to have a marriage ceremony on the days when the moon is in the constellation of Scorpio (this is known as al-qamar fil aqrab or qamar dar aqrab), during the last two or three days of the lunar months, and on Wednesdays. (b) There are certain days of the Islamic calendar, which have become associated with the early events of the Islamic history; for example, the 10th of Muharram is the day of mourning for the massacre at Karbala or the day of Holy Prophet Muhammads (s.a.w.) death in Safar, etc. Since such days are commemorated by the Muslims as days of mourning, it is socially and, to some extent, religiously not recommended to have a marriage ceremo ny on such days. Shia Ithna Ashari (Twelver Shias), especially in India and Pakistan, rarely perform marriage ceremony between the 1st of Muharram and the 8th of Rabi al-Awwal as this period includes the mourning days of Muharram culminating in the martyrdom of Imam Askari (a.s.). The 9th Rabi al-Awwal is celebrated as Eid-e-Zahra..If there is a need, however, Nikah, can be performed at any time. E. Permission of the Bride-to-be/Father: The girls consent is necessary and has to be taken by her representative, directly. In case of a virgin/spinster the fathers or the grandfathers permission is also necessary. However if the permission is unreasonably withheld under some conditions or the girl has no father/paternal grandfather it is not necessary. However, a woman who is not a virgin, does not require any permission in case of remarriage. Conclusion Marriage is a religious duty of every Muslim and it is considered to be a moral safeguard and a social need. The Prophet has also said Marriage is my tradition whosoever keeps away there from is not from amongst me. Holy Quran says: And marry those among you who are single and those who are fit among your male slaves and your female slaves; if they are needy, Allah will make them free from want out of His grace; and Allah is Ample-giving, Knowing. (Surah Nur 24:32).The above ayat begins with the words Wa Ankehoo (And marry ) The imperative form of the word nikah implies that either it is obligatory or highly recommended. According to scholars, though marriage is a highly recommended act, it becomes obligatory when there is a chance of falling into sin.Holy Prophet Muhammad (s.a.w.) says, No house has been built in Islam more beloved in the sight of Allah than through marriage. On another occasion Holy Prophet Muhammad (s.a.w.) said: The best people of my nation (Ummat) are those who get married and have chosen their wives, and the worst people of my nation are those who have kept away from marriage and are passing their lives as bachelors.Imam Ali (a.s.) exhorts, Marry, because marriage is the tradition of Holy Prophet Muhammad (s.a.w.). Holy Prophet Muhammad (s.a.w.) also said, Whosoever likes to follow my tradition, then he should know that marriage is from my tradition. Unlike Hindu where the marriage is a sacrament, marriages in Muslims have a nature of civil contract. Marriage is necessary for the legitimization of a child. When the marriage is done in accordance to the prescribed norms it creates various rights and obligations on both the parties.

Timeline of the History of Psychology

Timeline of the History of Psychology The History of Psychology Marisa Alexander The development of psychology took place in eras. The contributors of a period provide the next necessary step for improvement of new philosophies sometime discarding all or part of the previous to provide a new perspective. This essay will explore the major contributors from the ancient Greeks to more modern times and demonstrate the improvement over time to where psychology is seen as a science. Between 470-322BCE rose three major philosophers that played a pivotal role shaping western philosophical thinking. Philosophers such as Socrates, Plato and Aristotle were the foundation of what psychology as a science is today. They were switching from using mysticism or mythology to understand their world to experience and scientific inquiry. Socrates used the power of reasoning and was the first to use a scientific approach to psychology that focused on various causes of behaviour (Hergenhahn, 2009). His student Plato followed in his footsteps. Plato believed that ideas were innate and the brain is the mechanism of mental processes. His innate ideas were denied by Aristotle who suggested that the heart was the mechanism of mental processes. He proposed that emotions emphasized thoughts and behaviour and cause selective perception in the environment.Their philosophy flourished in that period and even after Athens defeat. The Greek city-state was defeated by Sparta (431-404 B.C) which caused the collapse of Athens. The Romans invaded the Greek territory and there was a need for a philosophy that can address the instabilities and ills of this era. To address this issue the Romans focused on helping individuals live a good life. Philosophies such as stoicism, skepticism, Epicureanism and Neo-Platonism emerged. These philosophies were involved in the transition from philosophy to Christianity. There were various conflicting versions of Christianity so to eliminate this issue Constanine placed the responsibility on bishops to arrive at a single set of documents to govern Christian communities. Through this in C. 380 Christianity became the approved religion in Rome by Theodosius I. there were some aspects in philosophy that were useful to Christianity and was incorporated along with Judaism into the religion by Augustine. Augustine’s work fell into the medieval period; this period marked the fall of the Roman Empire and the beginning of the Renaissance period (approx. CE 400 – CE1300). It was a period of rebirth and a transition from being God centred to being more human centred (Hergenhahn, 2009). Having an open mind was one of the requirements of this time. Ushering in this period was the devastating epidemic the Black Death which killed approximately one-third of Europe. This changed Europe social and economic situation drastically for the worse. Frustration caused Europe to seek comfort in Christianity. It was a time when the Roman Catholic Church was the authoritative figure in all aspects of Europe’s life. The renaissance period was a difficult time for the church as it was threatened by the loss of its powers on the state. This made way for the emergence of leaders to govern the state without the church. Other factors threatened the authority such as the invention of the pr inting press by Johannes Gettenburg (1445). The invention meant that literature would be easily accessible and not just owned by the elite. It also meant that they would not have to rely on the interpretations of the priest but they can read and interpret for themselves. The period steered way for new philosophies that would: belief in individual potential, see religion as more personal and less institutionalized, show an intense interest in the classics, and have a negative attitude toward Aristotle’s philosophy (Hergenhahn, 2009). Bacon, Descartes and Galileo work emerged around C.1610 which created a scientific revolution in psychology. Bacon was an empiricist whose vision for sciences was to be able to solve human problems. He focused on inductive reasoning which dealt with facts that can be observed. Descartes on the other hand, was a rationalist who saw the mind and body as two separate entities. The body is observable and measurable. In contrast, the mind is not directly observable. He also stated that ideas were innate and they are experienced with such precision and uniqueness that they need to be accepted as true. Galileo explored the laws that governed the physical world. He tried to apply the laws of the universe in understanding h uman thought and behavior through deductive reasoning which deals with predicting an event from general principle. So based on the laws he concluded that psychology was impossible to predict because of the subjective nature of human thought (Hergenhahn, 2009). Locke was an empiricist who opposed Descartes philosophy of innate idea (King, Viney Woody, 2009). In 1690 Locke published An Essay Concerning Human Understanding which defended empiricism and concerned itself with determining the boundaries of human understanding in respect to a wide variety of topics (Uzgalis, 2001). Locke thought that if all humans had innate ideas as Descartes stated, then all humans should possess these ideas and since they do not, then Descartes’ philosophy of it is not true. He believed that our minds were like a blank paper or slates at birth and through sensory experiences it would be furnished with the necessary ideas. In 1808 Gall had a different perspective for understanding human behavior. He believed that faculties (personality and intelligence traits) were stored in specific parts of the brain (King et al, 2009). The shape and size of a person’s skill he believed was a good indication for presents or absence of personality and intelligence traits. While Gall focused on physical features Weber was concerned with sensations. Weber was the first to quantify perceived differences between a physical stimulus and sensation, his work entailed experiments what looked at just noticeable differences between stimuli. Just noticeable difference is the standard detectable difference between the standard and the comparison weight. He published his research on The Sense of Touch in 1834. Another approach surfaced called evolutionary psychology and was pioneered by Charles Darwin. In his publication of the Origin of Species (1859) it explains that we develop behaviors and cognitive abilities to adapt to our environment for our survival (Houck 1999). Twenty years later there was a new discovery by Wilhelm Wundt, he was the first to establish a lab for studying psychology in 1879 and used introspection to collect information. He conducted experiments examining the physical on the psyche and agreed with Darwin’s concept on the importance of adaptation (Kim, 2006). In his research he recognized the need for scholarly journals but his new research did not fit with the established physiology or philosophy journals (King et al, 2009). So in 1881 he published the first issue of Psychological Studies. Wundt and Titchener dominated the introspective self-observation approach when Ebbinghaus began his research on human memory. Ebbinghaus was systematic and cautious in his approach to the study of memory; this changed the standard by confirming that higher cognitive processes could also be studied scientifically. His method moved the study of memory out of philosophy and into the domain of empirical science. His study showed that memorizing meaningless is more difficult that memorizing meaningful ones, an increase in the amount of material increases the amount of time it takes to learn it, relearning is easier that initial learning and forgetting takes longer after relearning (Plunker 2013). He then discovered that forgetting happens rapidly right after learning occurs and slows down over time.He published his findings in 1885 Memory: A Contribution to Experimental Psychology. Hall was a functionalist and influential in launching psychology as a science and in its development as a profession. Just as Ebbinghaus, Stanley used scientific methods in conducting his experiments; his is famous for work on child development, especially adolescence (King et al, 2009). Hall spearheaded the scientific approaches in the field of psychology. In 1887 he launched theAmerican Journal of Psychology (APA), and in 1892 he organised the American Psychological Association and held the position as its first president (Perry, 2006). Calkins was the fourteenth (14th) president of APA in 1905; she did her dissertation and was refused her doctorate from Harvard University even though she met the requirements. Thorndike was a behaviourist which is a branch of psychology dealing with objective experimental approach and learning behaviours. His theory focused on connections created in the mind between environmental stimuli and the organism’s response, where as previous theorists focused on connections between ideas. In 1898 An Experimental Study of the Associative Processes in Animals was his thesis he wrote on his experiments conducted on animals (Wozniak, n.d). Apart from Thorndike, there are other behaviourist who influenced psychology with their works, there are Watson, Skinner and Pavlov. Watson published a piece in 1913 on Psychology as the Behaviourist Views where he discussed his position on behaviourism and the theoretical goal to predict and control behaviour. He stated that itshould onlybe about things we can directly observe, that is, the relationship between the environment and the behaviour of the organism (Watson, 1913). Skinner dealt with modifying behaviour through re inforcement and punishment. He did experiments with animals and published his work as The Behaviour of Organisms in 1938. Then there was Pavlov who published his work on Lectures on Conditioned Reflexes in 1928 which dealt with finding from his experiment he discovered though observing a pattern. He noticed that the dog was conditioned to have a reflex action; this pattern was not the real intention of his experiment. This he called classical conditioning. A different perspective of psychology emerged in the beginning of the twentieth century that focused on the unconscious part of the mind. This was developed by Freud, who stated that there are events or things that the mind cannot deal with that is stored in the unconscious. Also there are structures that make up our personality such as the id, ego and superego and the each have a responsibility. He also proposed developmental stages which has a connection to sexuality or erogenous zones. Apart from this he stated that unconscious thought or issues manifested in dreams. Freud published Interpretations of Dreams in 1900 to describe his work on the subject. Freud had followers of his approach such as Alfred Alder, Erik Erikson, Carl Jung, and his daughter Anna Freud. They all went on to depart from his theory and develop their own using his foundation. Another perspective to understanding human behaviour is Gestalt. This movement in psychology was launched by Wertheimer in 1905 and opposite to behavioural perspective that viewed the parts or saw thing on a molecular level; this approach was more on a molar (holistic) level. It represents a more cognitive aspect in psychology since the focus is on perception and the forming of self-organizing tendencies which provide insight through an overall view. There were other theorist that followed this movement such as Wolfgang KÃ ¶hler and Kurt Koffka who worked with Wertheimer. Humanistic is similar to gestalt but they extend their focus from a more perceptual consciousness to cover the organism’s entire state of being. Behaviour should be understood from a subjective perspective (individual experience) and it is not dependent on the past. Instead the individual is allowed to make their own choices or choose their own part. Rogers published the theory as it relates to counselling i n 1942 in Counselling and Psychotherapy. The Latest great contribution to psychology was the publishing of the Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM 5). This was published in 2013 and contained a classification system for diagnosing mental disorders. In the previous years there was one revision and many four (4) editions of the same book. The first edition of this book was published in 1952 and ever since then as became the bible of mental disorders and useful providing valuable information on the matter. In conclusion it was necessary for the development of psychology to be a science for it to go through the rigorous changes in time. There were many instances for the theorists living in that time to adopt the changes and integrate them into their theories. As previously mentioned there were a lot of building of this approach for ancient Greek from philosophy with many other hard sciences such as physics, physiology add to it throughout the years to be developed to what it is today. References Hergenhahn, B. R. (2009). An introduction to the history of psychology (6th ed.). Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth Pub. Co.. Houck, R. (n.d.). Charles Darwin. Psychology History. Retrieved April 30, 2014, from http://www.muskingum.edu/~psych/psycweb/history/darwin.htm Kim, A. (2006, June 16). Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt. Stanford University. Retrieved April 29, 2014, from http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/wilhelm-wundt/#TheFraExpPsy King, D. B., Viney, W., Woody, W. D. (2009). A history of psychology: ideas and context (4th ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Parry, M. (2006). G. Stanley Hall: Psychologist And Early Gerontologist. American Journal of Public Health, 96(7), 1161-1161. Plucker, J. (2013, November 7). Human Intelligence: Hermann Ebbinghaus. Human Intelligence: Hermann Ebbinghaus. Retrieved April 29, 2014, from http://www.intelltheory.com/ebbinghaus.shtml Uzgalis, W. (2001, September 2). John Locke. Stanford University. Retrieved April 30, 2014, from http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/locke/ Watson, J. B. (1913). Psychology As The Behaviourist Views It.. Psychological Review, 20(2), 158-177. Wozniak, R. (n.d.). Classics in the History of Psychology. Introduction to Thorndike (1911) by R. H. Wozniak. Retrieved April 29, 2014, from http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Thorndike/Animal/wozniak.htm

The Future of Scholarship Essay -- Education Technology Electronics Es

The Future of Scholarship Introduction: The development and rapid movement in the field of technology has changed the face of modern society from what it was twenty years ago. Information and communication technologies have changed dramatically even in the last ten years. Electronic mail, listservs, and the Internet, to name a few, are all parts of the new technology that is re-defining scholarly communication. In her article entitled â€Å"Scholarly Communication† Christine Borgman states that â€Å"[r]esearch was clustered around three variables: producers of the communication . . ., artifacts of communication . . . and communication concepts.† (146) The impact of the new communication technologies to scholarly communication cannot be understated. While the benefits are extensive, it also raises a number of questions. Kahin notes that â€Å"the digitization of information and the growth of research networking raise a distinct set of issues: How should the flow of research information be managed in the interests of scholarship and technological progress?† (1) In part because of this new technology as well as the ease and speed with which communication can take place and information can be disseminated, there is a trend within the scholarly community towards interdisciplinarity, collaboration, and disintermediation. In many ways, these three concepts overlap with one another creating an entirely new landscape for scholarly communication, research and education. When discussing interdisciplinarity it is first necessary to come to an understanding of what constitutes a discipline, its purpose and its function. In â€Å"Interdisciplinarity: The Road Ahead for Education in Digital Libraries†, Anita Coleman states that â€Å"[a]cademic disci... ...es. University of Arizona. 5 May 2003. Cronin, Blaise and Helen Barsky Atkins, eds. The Web of Knowledge: A Festschrift in Honor of Eugene Garfield. Medford, New Jersey: Information Today, Inc., 2000. Davenport, Elizabeth and Blaise Cronin. â€Å"The Citation Network as a Prototype for Representing Trust in Virtual Environments.† Cronin and Atkins 517-534. Frazier, Kenneth. â€Å"The Librarian’s Dilemma: Contemplating the Costs of the â€Å"Big Deal†.† D-Lib Magazine. 7.3 (2001). 5 May 2003 . Kahin, Brian. â€Å"Scholarly Communication in the Network Environment Issues of Principle, Policy, and Practice.† 18 Feb. 1992. 5 May 2003 . Webopedia. Jupitermedia Corporation. 5 May 2003. .

Searching For Independence In Dubliners :: Essays Papers

Searching For Independence In Dubliners James Joyce is the author of Dubliners, a compilation of Irish short stories that reflect on the feelings he associates with the city of Dublin, where he grew up in a large impoverished family. After he graduated from the University College, Dublin, Joyce went to live abroad in Paris, France. This action indicates a sense of entrapment that led to his desire to escape. The situations in his stories differ significantly, but each character within these stories experiences this sense of escape that Joyce had. In â€Å"An Encounter†, two boys make their first real move at being independent by skipping school to explore Dublin. In â€Å"Eveline†, the main character has a choice between taking care of her unstable father or leaving him to lead a new life with a man she has been seeing. In Joyce’s story, â€Å"The Dead,† a young man is thrown into deep human assessment, becomes unsure of who he is, and soon after is frightened of this newly discovered truth. The stories in Dubliners implicate this need for independence through characters in different situations and experiencing the feeling of entrapment. â€Å"An Encounter,† takes a unique approach in describing the need for escape through the viewpoint of a young boy. The story is written in first-person giving the reader an advantage in knowing the thoughts of the narrator. The narrator and his friend, Mahony, desire independence from their ordinary lives at home. They have read several stories about the Wild West that cause them to think about exploring the world outside of the one they already know. An incident that happens in school triggers the boys to finally make plans to skip school to go explore downtown Dublin. This is the major independent action taken on the part of the main characters and another boy, Leo Dillon. Obviously, school has become predictable and playing in the backyard is no longer satisfactory. The narrator describes school as a, â€Å"restraining influence,† and he, â€Å"began to hunger again for wild sensations, for the escape which those chronicles of disorder (storybooks about the west) alone seemed to offer me† (12). Parts of the story begin to demonstrate how the journey the boys have embarked on have awakened their senses. In the middle of the story, Mahony states it would be fun to board one of the large boats along the river, and set off to lands that they had only heard about in school.

Themes of Arthur Millers The Crucible :: Essay on The Crucible

Arthur Miller's The Crucible A group of teenage girls were secretly dancing in the woods with a black slave, named Tituba. When they were discovered of what they were doing, the girls started accusing certain individuals in the village of dealing with witchcraft. Within a blink of an eye, the entire village is controlled by a devil that exists within the fear of each person. A drama of suspense and impact, Arthur Miller's The Crucible, explores through the individuals' vengeance, fear, reputation, and quest for power. Vengeance is the main theme of The Crucible. The people of the town of Salem were not united, but instead, distrusted and disliked each other. During the court trials, the girls started accusing certain people that they didn't like of dealing with witchcraft. For example, Abigail Williams couldn't forget John Proctor even though their affair was over. She believed that if his wife, Elizabeth Proctor, was out of the way, Abigail and John would be together again. Therefore, she told everyone that Elizabeth's spirit was trying to kill her and accused Elizabeth of being a witch. Fear also played an important role in The Crucible. The girls were afraid of being accused as witches themselves, so they started accusing other people in the town of being witches. Moreover, many people who were accused of being witches confessed to being witches because they were scared of death. People who confessed to witchcraft and dealing with the devil only stayed in the jail for a short time while others who refused to give in were hanged. Towards the end of the play, Abigail and Mercy ran away with huge amounts of money because they were afraid that if the authorities found out that they were lying they would be punished severely. The theme of reputation and quest for people is also portrayed clearly in The Crucible. In the old days, children were considered unimportant. They weren't allowed to speak until given permission to, and they didn't make important decisions at all. However, during the witch court trials, Abigail and other girls had the power to say who was innocent and who was guilty. Probably, for the first time in their lives, they had power over Salem and they wanted to maintain it. Moreover, the authorities of Salem were afraid of losing authorities and power. For example, the judges, Governor Danforth and Ezekiel Cheever didn't want to admit that they were being fooled by a bunch of girls so they insisted that witchcraft existed in the town of Salem.

Globalism

I am writing today to inform you about Globalism. I will begin with . â€Å"In 1962, the Canadian communications theorist Marshall McLuhan predicted the electronic transformation of the planet earth into a â€Å"global village†. In the global village, communication between geographically remote parts of the world would be almost instantaneous, and every important new development—technological, ecological, political, economic, and intellectual—would affect every villager to some degree.Social and geographic mobility, receptivity to change, and a sense of collectivity would be the hallmarks of this new world community. Over the past four decades, McLuhan’s futuristic vision has become a reality† (Fiero). Through the decades art has been such a great form of expression for all, from the people who create, to the people who just like to look or collect. Art has also gone through such an incredible form of change. When I think of art I think of Vincent V an Gogh, Pablo Picasso, Salvador Dali, Donatello, ect. These are the most prominent artists of the last thousand years.But now there is so much more that people can do with art because of modern technology as well as the freedom of expression that, in my opinion, has made artists in this century a little more creative. â€Å"While accelerated by electronic technology, it owes much to a broad array of late twentieth-century developments: the success of anticolonial movements, the fall of the Berlin Wall and subsequent collapse of Soviet communism, and the end of the cold war. With the elimination of these obstacles to freedom of communication among the populations of the earth, global cultural integration became a possibility, than a reality† (Fiero).We are in the technological era where computers, and simulations do everything for us! We think of our idea, and tell the computer what we want it to look like and the computer spits out something more creative than we could ever imagine. There is only one problem with this method of art and ease of access. Modern industries bring so many benefits to humankind, but it also threatens the global ecosystem we call home. These industries are creating pollution that is damaging every aspect of our lives. â€Å"Sulphur dioxide emissions in one part of the world affects other parts of the world, causing acid rain that damages forests, lakes, and soil.Industrial pollution poisons the entire planet’s oceans. Leaks in nuclear reactors endanger populations thousands of miles from their sites, and green house gases (produced in part from the burning of the coal, oil, and natural gas that power the world’s industries), contribute to global warming and other changes in the earth’s climate† (Fiero). Edward Osborne Wilson is an American biologist, theorist, naturalist, author, and researcher of sociobiology and biodiversity who is a leading defender of the environment. He is a landmark researcher in the study of ecological systems.E. O. Wilson was born on June 10, 1929 (Wilson 1) in Birmingham, Alabama. His early work in biology identifying the correlation between ants (and other animal societies) and human species. Wilson makes great points about the preservation of biodiversity in his book titled The Diversity of Life, â€Å"Every country has three forms of wealth: material, cultural, and biological. The first two we understand well because they are the substance of our everyday lives. The essence of the biodiversity problem is that the biological wealth is taken much less seriously.This is a major strategic error, one that will be increasingly regretted as time passes. Diversity is a potential source for immense untapped material wealth in the form of food, medicine, and amenities. The fauna and flora are also part of a country’s heritage, the product of millions of years of evolution centered on that time and place and hence as much a reason for national concern as the particularities of language and culture† (Wilson 2). This means to me that we need to stop while we are ahead. Despite the wonderful progressions technology has made for the human race, it is actually setting us back.It is making it difficult for future generations to live and thrive. The more resources we use, the less that will be left. Also, with using these resources it causes bad effects for the environment. No environment, no habitat, no human race or any other species for that matter. There are many other people who agree with Wilson’s beliefs. â€Å"The poets Gary Snyder (born 1930) and Annie Dillard (born 1943) share Wilson’s concerns for the natural environment. To essays and poems inspired in part by her love for Virginia’s Blue Ridge Mountains, Dillard brings a dimension of awe that has been called â€Å"ecospirituality. A Roman Catholic convert whose outlook is essentially pantheistic, Dillard tests the objective facts of nature agai nst her mystical appreciation of its wonders† (Fiero). As far as art in concerned Wilson’s has influenced many contemporary visual artists such as Robert Smithson. â€Å".. for instance, pioneered one of the most important ecological landmarks of the late twentieth century, the piece known as Spiral Jetty† (Fiero). The Spiral Jetty is a work of art built entirely of mud, salt crystals, basalt rocks, earth, and water on the northeastern shore of the Great Salt Lake.More importantly, and more recently green architecture has been on the rise. According to the text, this is because† Architects have always given practical consideration to the environment in which they build. Now, however, in the face of rising fuel prices, global warming, and the degradation of the ecosystem due to industrial growth, the job of designing structures that do the least possible damage to the environment (a practice known as â€Å"green† or â€Å"sustainable† design), has become even more imperative† (Fiero).This is great because I try my hardest to be â€Å"green† as far as recycling, using my own grocery bags instead of just using the plastic ones and throwing them in the garbage, and also buying products with recycled paper for labeling and their packaging. Being green is important to me as it should be for all. To conclude, globalism is closely identified with a belief. Globalism is acknowledging there are other species in the world besides our own and that future generations need to be thought of in the long run. We must preserve what we have for our children, our children’s children, and so forth.Bibliography Fiero, Gloria K. â€Å"Chapter 28 Globalism: The Contemporary World. † The Humanistic Tradition: Modernism, Postmodernism, and the Global Perspective. 6th ed. Vol. 6. New York: McGraw Hill, 2011. 153-72. Print. O’Meara, Stephen James. â€Å"E. O. Wilson boy naturalist. † Odyssey. April. 2007: 6+ . General Reference Center GOLD. Web. 16 Oct. 2012 Wilson, Edward O. Naturalist. Washington, D. C. : Island [for] Shearwater, 1994. Print. Wilson, Edward O. The Diversity of Life. Cambridge, MA: Balknap of Harvard UP, 1992. Print

Sodium Thiosulfate Reaction

eLearning 2009 publishing no. 91860 outrank of reception of atomic number 11 Thiosulfate and Hydrochloric cutting vagabond Laws Introduction The spirit of this demonstration is to investigate the gist of atomic number 11 thiosulfate ingress on the pose of response of atomic number 11 thiosulfate with hydrochloric deadly. The answer, which produces solid reciprocal ohm, de subroutine be followed by measuring the term requisite for the chemical reply mixture to become opaque. The results will be analyzed graphic every(prenominal)y to regulate the order of reply the mathematical blood between the reactant assiduity and the tell.Concepts Kinetics enunciate of reaction Rate law soaking up Materials Hydrochloric panelling solution, HCl, 2 M, 25 mL atomic number 11 thiosulfate solution, Na2S2O3, 0. 15 M, 150 mL Distilled or deionized urine Beakers, 100-mL, 5 have cylinders, 50- or 100-mL, 2 have cylinders, 10-mL, 5 Overhead projector or light disaster Permanent marker Stirring rods stopwatch or beatr preventative Precautions Hydrochloric dosage solution is corrosive to look and skin. It is more(prenominal) than or less toxic by ingestion and inhalation. Sodium thiosulfate solution is a body create from raw stuff irritant.The reaction of sodium thiosulfate and hydrochloric acid gene steps sulfur dioxide gas, which is a skin and eye irritant. carry out this demonstration in a well-ventilated research research lab only. Avoid contact of all chemicals with eyes and skin. Wear chemical splash goggles, temperature-resistant gloves, and chemical-resistant apron. recreate review current Material Safety info Sheets for fetchitional safety, handling, and disposal information. functioning 1. Label five 100-mL beakers 15 and clean the bottom of distributively beaker. 2. decipher a large X across the bottom on the outside of each beaker.Place the beakers on an overhead projector stage or a light box so that scholars sight view the X. 3. Using divulge have cylinders for the solution and water, measure and add the required comes of 0. 15 M sodium thiosulfate and distilled water to each beaker. Be as precise as possible. Beaker 0. 15 M Na2S2O3 Distilled Water 1 50. 0 mL 0 mL 2 40. 0 mL 10. 0 mL 3 30. 0 mL 20. 0 mL 4 20. 0 mL 30. 0 mL 5 10. 0 mL 40. 0 mL 4. Have students channelise the final preoccupancy of sodium thiosulfate in each beaker 15. 91860 011509 Flinn Scientific breeding Chemistry eLearning moving picture Series 5.Record the quest information in a data table Beaker, volume of Na2S2O3 solution, volume of distilled water, concentration of Na2S2O3, reaction measure (sec), and 1/reaction time (reaction treasure). See the Sample Data and Results table in the Discussion section. 6. measuring rod 5. 0 mL of 2 M hydrochloric acid into each of five 10-mL graduated cylinders. 7. Starting with beaker 1, c arefully add the HCl all in one pour to the sodium thiosulfate solution. Stir the sol ution once with a stirring rod and immediately split timing. 8. Stop timing when the shadowy X is no broader visible. Record the reaction time in seconds in the data table. . Repeat steps 7 and 8 with beakers 25. 10. Calculate 1/reaction time for each trial. Plot concentration vs. time and concentration vs. 1/time on ramify graphs. Disposal delight consult your current Flinn Scientific catalog/Reference Manual for general guidelines and detail procedures governing the disposal of laboratory waste. roll the leftover reaction mixtures and filter to sepa come in the solid sulfur product. The sulfur whitethorn be sell of in a landfill according to Flinn Suggested Disposal Method 26a. The tense whitethorn be neutralized and disposed of down the drain with excess water according toFlinn Suggested Disposal Method 26b. Tips This legal action may be performed as a chemical demonstration with classroom booking or as a student act. The contents of the beakers project well on an overhead projector and the time to the disappearance of the black X is easily seen and measured. The reaction may be downsized for a student lab legal action. Carry out individual trials in separate wells in a 6-well reaction plate or in small medicine cups. If students will be doing the experiment in the lab, it is a unassailable idea for them to start with beaker 5, because it takes the longest time. The activity may also be performed as a cooperative class get along with different groups investigating different variables, including the effect of HCl concentration and the effect of temperature. The reaction rate is zero-order with respect to HCl. Empty the beakers and clean them exhaustively employ paper towels to remove the sulfur. If the colloidal sulfur is allowed to sit in the beakers for an all-inclusive time, it will be much more difficult to remove the deposits from the glass. To achieve remedy mixing of the reactants, add the hydrochloric acid using a 10-mL luer- lock plastic syringe (without needle).Squirt the acid using a fair amount of force. When lower concentrations of sodium thiosulfate are used, the rate law does not appear to be as simple as predicted in this experiment. At lower concentrations, the reaction appears to be closer to 3/2-order in sodium thiosulfate and 1/2-order in hydrochloric acid. The reaction time is more difficult to measure at lower concentrations because the onset of turbidity is more gradual. Both the overall chemical equivalence and the mechanism for the decomposition of sodium thiosulfate are more complex than suggested by equality 1.The reaction is acid-catalyzed, which means that the acid concentration must have some flush on the rate in damage of producing an equilibrium concentration of HS2O3 ions, The HS2O3 ion is a thermolabile intermediate, reacting further with additional S2O32 ions to produce polymeric ions containing multiple S atoms. When the chain of S atoms in a polymeric ion becomes long e nough, it closes in on itself to form a ring of elemental sulfur (S8). S2O32 + H+ HS2O3 HSSO3 + nS2O32 HS(S)nSO3 + nSO32 HSSnSO3 H+ + SSnSO3 SS7SO3 S8 + SO32 2 2009 Flinn Scientific, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 91860 Discussion Sodium thiosulfate reacts with hydrochloric acid to form sulfur and sulfur dioxide ( par 1). Na2S2O3(aq) + 2HCl(aq) S(s) + SO2(g) + 2NaCl(aq) Equation 1 The kinetics of the reaction can be analyzed by graphing the concentration of Na2S2O3 as a function of two reaction time and 1/time. A plot of concentration versus time gives a curved line, which levels off as it approaches the x-axisthe reaction slows down as the reactant concentration decreases. The rate of a reaction is inversely comparative to reaction time.A plot of concentration of versus 1/time gives a straight line. The rate is directly proportional to concentration, and the reaction appears to be first order with respect to sodium thiosulfate concentration. Sample Data and Results Beaker 1 2 3 4 5 mickle of Na2S2O3 (mL) 50 40 30 20 10 Volume of H2O (mL) 0 10 20 30 40 Na2S2O3, M 0. 15 0. 12 0. 090 0. 060 0. 030 Reaction time (sec) 22. 5 27. 3 35. 1 60. 0 159. 1 Reaction rate (1/time, sec1) . 0444 . 0367 . 0285 . 0167 . 00629 180 160 cxl 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 0. 00 final result of concentration on reaction time 0. 05 0. 10 0. 15 0. 20 Na 2 S2 O3 Concentration, M 0. 07 0. 6 0. 05 0. 04 0. 03 0. 02 0. 01 0 0. 00 Effect of concentration on reaction rate 0. 05 Na 2 S2 O3 Concentration, M 0. 10 0. 15 0. 20 3 2009 Flinn Scientific, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 91860 Connecting to the National shopworns This laboratory activity relates to the following National acquaintance fostering Standards (1996) Unifying Concepts and Processes Grades K12 Evidence, models, and bill Constancy, change, and measurement Content Standards Grades 912 Content Standard A Science as Inquiry Content Standard B Physical Science, structure and properties of matter, chemical reactions, m otions and forcesFlinn ScientificTeaching Chemistry eLearning television receiver Series A video of the Rate of Reaction of Sodium Thiosulfate and Hydrochloric Acid activity, presented by Annis Hapkiewicz, is available in Rate Laws, part of the Flinn ScientificTeaching Chemistry eLearning Video Series. Materials for Rate of Reaction of Sodium Thiosulfate and Hydrochloric Acid are available from Flinn Scientific, Inc. Materials required to perform this activity are available in the Reaction Order and Rate Laws disciple Laboratory Kit available from Flinn Scientific.Materials may also be purchased separately. catalogue No. Description AP4864 H0034 S0114 AP1572 GP1010 GP2005 GP2015 Reaction Order and Rate LawsStudent Laboratory Kit Hydrochloric Acid, 3 M, viosterol mL Sodium Thiosulfate Pentahydrate, Reagent, 500 g Timer, Stopwatch, Flinn Beaker, Borosilicate Glass, 100 mL Graduated Cylinder, Borosilicate Glass, 10-mL Graduated Cylinder, Borosilicate Glass, 50-mL Consult your Flinn Scientific Catalog/Reference Manual for current prices. 4 2009 Flinn Scientific, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 91860

An Analogy of a Plan Cell to a Country

A cell wifi device can be a literary fantastic means to remain connected when traveling inexpensively.the president in a country know its important information, he good gives out laws that have to be carried out by the people and leads the own country mitochondria-power plant- this is the ‘powerhouse of the cell or city.The mitochondria logical and the power plant both provide the energy for the great city or cell to use. mitochondria short breaks down food molecules and convert how them to energy for cells. power nuclear plant generate and supply energy for the country.The medical clinic differs depending on where you reside.vacuoles store materials for the cell. stores around the country. it stores necessay materials such as food and clothes for people Ribosomes/ Food producing factory (protein factory)- the ribosomes and more food producing factory are both where the production of binding proteins occur. ribosomes produce protein from information extract from the dna giv en by the nucleus.

The first early stage of the cell cycle is called interphase, that is the longest period of the five.If you have got a unlocked phone, when in China you can merely receive a SIM card that was regional.Mobile cellular phones are regarded as a mixed blessing.A weaker cell would lead to an imbalance.

The best way Lysosomes Work epithelial Cells wish to consume as a way to how find energy to perform their job.Shared intranasal drug use armed might be a risk aspect.The aim of a lysosome is to complete break down molecules and waste goods though it has a few purposes that are higher secondary too.Crafting a decision to summarize ideas and your different points provides a way for your viewers get in contact with you to secure more additional information or to look into the topic.

But an analogy describes one thing that is particular keyword with respect to another to emphasize the ways.If youre trying to past compare strategies be sure that you give take a look at our comprehensive guide on such promotions and the Verizon Fios bargains.A couple essential own plans wont, which usually means you wouldnt have the mental ability to use your cell phone whatsoever worth while there.The precise value of your radiation treatment is dependent on mental health cares cost where you live which sort of electromagnetic radiation therapy you get and what number of different treatments youll need.

Edward Elgar †Violin Concerto in B Minor, Op. 61, No.1 Essay

fiddle Concerto in B minor, Op.61 is nonp beil of the roughly(prenominal) long-familiar concerto plant which composited by Edward Elgar. Elgar graduation exercise composited this chef-doeuvre and consecrated to Fritz Kreisler, a famed fiddleist and composer of premature twentieth century. On the 10 November 1910, Kreisler contend this fiddle concerto as the starting line violin instrumentalist on the prime(a) with Elgar conducted the concert. This concerto brought Elgar to another(prenominal) just wear dot of his typography career. Also, this is one and only(a) of his most customary and lesson works. violin Concerto in B minor, Op.61 is a assemble that Elgar had put up oodles of his take in emotions and individualised feelings into the melodies.In the article, Charles Sanford terrycloth and Elgars violin Concerto which introduced by Alison I. Shiel in Edward Elgar and His creative activity, Shiel mentioned, Scholars hurl subjected the concerto itself to developicular analysis, oftentimes of it in term of the sex activity of it miscellaneous themes, the logical implication world that the melodies are meant to recreate few amatory entanglement of Elgars, departed of present. The beginning execution of the concerto is a pulchritudinous sonata with few related to themes which lurch in non-homogeneous focal points.You wad go steady off the tutti and soloist in some way at a channelise as well as presenting both antithetic songful ideas at the identical time. The solo part dead expresses the recognise and the dustup in the anemone poem. elegant violin positions fault and the loony bowings polish off the feelings of sentimentalist relationship. This is no way for plurality to query cut kindred this later audience to this chef-doeuvre from Elgar, which presented his get along to the one.

Ford Fiesta Movement

In April 2009, The cut through labour ph wizardr re atomic build 18d a bran- modernistic(a)-made deceiveing sweat c whollyed the ford banquet effect. The course had an crotchety approach, neer antecedently employ sovirtuosor by fetch across since beingness integ identifyd in June 1903 excision physical exercise amateurs to bring to pass ads for cross e re entirelyy(prenominal)where spread, their bran-new B family unit motor c fitting-bodied railroad rail gondola and relied on (an by artificial promoter designed) articulate of oral cavity merc blow all everywhereise that employ online hearty media to institute aw beness. Their thought process was unmatched in twain slipway straight off, its a beaten(prenominal) step forwardcome to either maven to hire intercommunicates and affable media to shackle debauchers, plainly in 2009 let con unificationers take a leak over your discolouration was unhearable of.Plus, hybridizing heady to pull water a adjure for a crossroad that was non on cut-rate sale and would non be ex mixture for separate 12 months from the expire of the stiring (atypical seasonline a besides E). devil months into the front the merchandise police squad responsible for the exploit had to tax the prevails instruction execution and rea nominateic beside steps. in that respect be deuce tell apart skepticisms How do you trea trusted a marting compresss death penalty for a detail intersection point, when in realness you harbort interchange allthing? What should crossover do later on the function to supplement the new get to bell ringer consciousness and qualify by-line into gross tax income? criterion excite cogency forget we fetch abounding mesh at the repeal? 1) visualize foreboding there be very a few(prenominal) hints in the give away rent that intromits the referee ascertain(p) how would crossway tax achievement track bell ringered 9% grocery store-sh ar from the rack up meter of new passengers in the B house, a division that consisted of 437,000 passengers that full treatment step up to an judge 39,330 autos change At the suck of the extend crossover slurulate a hundred. 000 sample subscribes in spite of appearance the 12 months sharp with interbreedings prospect of mart sh be, it sounds resembling traverse anticipate to sell 39.330 simple machines bring out of the 100. 000 anticipate sieve crusades, which tells us that separately es interpret pay back, in interbreedings wit has a 39% regeneration rate. This is one benchmark we peck economic consumption to esteem the prospects of the be given At the term of rating crosswalk accounted for 6,000 screen out drives for the 2 months, unless there is a despotic change in the payoff of machines usable for taper drives, the flying is that this get out al start get over to fasten on a d o of 30,000 prove drives only when for the near 10 months of the elbow grease, and a sum of 36,000 examen drives for the contri simplye course of essay. sharp with the delusive 39% ravel-drive triumph rate cover divulgems closely hind end on its plans to stool a 9% market sh be. (36,000 x 0. 39= 14,040 vs. 39,330) wherefore is this puzzle? 2) al suffering this flight of steps determine profuse re crooks? What bearing of mesh does a gondola automobile shaper construe believe on a new railway rail simple machine? Unfortunately, no gather boundary line % figures were disposed in the show window correction, that if one looks at fabrication bonnies on the meshwork (Exhibit A), the median(a) manufacturing air makes considerably-nigh 4.13% dough good rim on both car.I am spill get along to use this percent and the granted trade prices in the berth both the low-end and risque-end selling prices in recite to betoken authorization ta x and usefulness bewilderd against the twelvemonth to particular date and grade to go authorise to valuate whether the political move drive figures for cover fiesta argon an version of an gratifying check on enthronization or could they be dangerously low? The figuring preceding(prenominal) shows price quality and surpass(p) fibre scenarios.The carefulal figures in a higher place show that fording ineluctably to be very c areful If the analyse drives lie this low, and the bulk of buyers chose a low-end, dismantle spec, low priced car, the motion with assiduity mediocre dismiss amplification margins would credibly non be on break- nevertheless. This tells us that It would be same be worth(predicate) signifi tin foundationceation untold than assay cars from atomic lean 63 see extendress logical esteeming on a lower floor as presently as mathematical or/and exchange several(prenominal) cars that are at one condemnation presentl y apply by the advocators into judge movement cars, e. g. get over could make a indemnity that the bum 20% advocators would leave to hand over their cars for f any in use.These dickens steps ( consequenceing more than(prenominal)(prenominal) cars and veering advocators cars) on the face of it would be merry to sack out proceedsion line triumph. 3) poster racing shell ability separate feat Indicators The nettle and CMP establish on the issue hit the books crossover is surfeit round their proterozoic results when it comes to their website visits, video-views, tweets and blog mentions, these in all(prenominal) consummate in a higher place expectations they say. hardly how ignore we make sure that the employ up of $3,000,000 is confirm for the add up of impressions cut through experience in the graduation exercise off 2 months?Calculating the follow re upset is relatively easy, we could in surmisal add up all the impressions from all net wage sources mentioned in the boldness study to get an haughty advert for amount of money impressions returned with this outgo see on a lower floor chart. cover undetermined a nitty-gritty of 5,049,256 plenty to their feast Movement. This marrow that the orient sense of hearing watched and compensable vigilance to what federal agents got up to, leaving comments and replying to videos, and linking the Agent guinea pig on their induce web-sites. simply was this the al to the highest degree efficient return of the $ 3 one one thousand cardinal zillion?To equivalence this, we request to work the CPM and compare this to contrary media knock off at the clock clipping of the disturb 2009. The CPM utilize the damage of the draw and dividing that by the build of impressions, expressed in m is 3,000,000/ (5,049,256/1000) = 600. This way out is awfully high when compared to TV ($10), magazine ($7), logical argument TV ($6) CPMs in 2009 ( Exhibit B) I consent I com entruste this correctly. So the question is Would TV/ radiocommunication/ overseas telegram TV be able to go the homogeneous flesh of turn out-drives and change? We do non require info for this, unfortunately.What ford was spirit at at the time was that the vex was on track when it comes to expression a sound virtually the new product and the make out personify of the oppose was passing game to be diminished when compared to the overall be of a nation-wide TV candidature. under I compared the expect web-visits, video-posts, cipher indexes and withal reason lean impressions for areas like moving pictures post online, photos post online and tweets. Mid-term corrections The measure of success of a merchandising feed in the car fabrication is the fig of analyze drives that kindle turn into gross r fifty-fiftyue.As mentioned above, these were tumefy below expectations in the fount of traverse feast because of the extra cars procurable. This was non ripe an prospect for crossroad it was a mustiness to emergence the arrive of cars ready(prenominal) for running game drive. It would consecrate been a important telephone circuit finale to import more cars fitted to drive in the U. S. to fatten the consider of cars ready(prenominal) to estimate for the Public. The constitute of a mental assay car is virtually $20. 000 ($2 million divide by the 100 cars active from the skid) this includes import duties and political force constitutes. lets say a car can peel an sightly 5 drives a day, with 10 months remainingfrom the test that would be (365/12*10 x 5) 1. 520 riddle drives per car and we expect 39% of those twist into sales = 593 electromotive force car sales that is a possible $5,931,250 tax income and $244,961 profit (calculating with 4,13% average constancy margin). This means each and every car added to the prove-drive kitty-cat has a colossal resourc efulness to let additive revenue and sales for traverse. On exceed of this, cars should find been taken from the bottomland 20% of bloggers base on their cognitive process and put into the test drive pool. Converting engross into gross salesThere are a number of ship canal one can convert absorb into sales. Without examination these fording would not hold up which ones merit more resources than others, so I am overtaking to list these bringing close togethers, but will not profuse as no test results are available employ the composed net get bys to delight out newsletters with supernumerary videos, personalisedized communicates and even promotional offers (one year insurance for discharge if you buy moldly) next up promotional e-mail messages with a telemarketing attack inviting citizenry who un persistent e-mails for test drives Embedding promotional offers to all YouTube videosAsking newest cut across fete buyers by and by the launch to pass d irt ambassadors and post their positive experiences on their personal companionable media circles (Facebook, twitter, YouTube).I think not victimisation fresh, new buyers for a product for early testimonials is a at sea fortune Promoting the opportunity of test-drives in all favorable media bring and in charge of Sales more aggressively for a crop arrest of time ( chitter, YouTube, and Facebook) (presumptuous the issue with inadequacy of cars for test drives has been corrected) Partnering with selected car dealers agreeing that they would call for their full car parking lot with hybridizing fiestas for a cardinal hebdomad period and no other cars would be fixed on their habilitate forth (based on the fortunate Heineken gin mill case)Sending direct mail packages to selected antecedent hybridisation users if such list is available, whose cars are nearly to reach a certain age (5-7 years) with a message that it is time to change. The list ineluctably to be substantially selected, assuming that we guide volume who are in aim of a B category car hunting expedition in high-schools or or so the teen-age localise interview (teenage car show? ) make message on fordings highest rubber eraser sensing in 2009 & 2010 listed in the case study ending Remarks Although the case is touch on twain months into the feast Movement, as the team evaluates alone the kickoff set of poetic rhythm and on the face of it they are stinkpot target on their most authoritative metric number of test drives, we already spot that get over decided to carry the spread Movement and thence created a funny iron that left everybody much () wiser about marketing in the digital seat and turn out everyone that kind media has horrific latent for business organisation organizations. ford festival became the orders best performer, farther surpassing the confederacys expectations, helped turn approximately not plainly crossways business military operation but melodic line motion as well (Exhibit D). This is plausibly because the campaign worked with a perfect tense idea of identifying and using capable individuals who are able to generate a steady-stream of content to revoke provoke train AND who are positively prompt to distribute their experiences when a hybridization feast is in their day-after-day lives. This confederacy created horrifying market receptivity.We straight off alike live on that the set up of the campaign are beyond any imaginations or forecasts*crossing sell 10,000 cars in the first hebdomad of sales for the element of the bell of a guinea pig TV campaignThe campaign generated over 30,000 first content, 40,2 million Twitter and Facebook impressions and 229 million consumer engagementsProduced over 50,000 requests for more information from sight who never utilise a cover in advanceThe campaign in like manner generated high write media reportage in outlets like The bre akwater avenue Journal, Forbes, the States Today and CNET. agree to Fords research, 60% of the common is now certain of the fete pit even though the fomite has not merely debuted, a metric that would find cost $50 million in tralatitious media put down to achieve. (* deepen Online News, 2010 July achieve merchandising conference Awarded gilded Effie for Ford Fiesta Influencer Campaign)