Is Music a Good Tool for Health

In the article â€Å"Is Music a Good Tool for Health† by Elizabeth Scott, M. S. , she states that music has a powerful energy and affects our body and mind. And music therapy is a benefit to patients. I agree with the author’s opinion. Research shows that our body will be affected when we are listening to music. Our breathing and heart rate will slow down. This means music can help us reduce stress and depression. After we calm down, we can begin to solve the problem. When I have a trouble, I always lose my head and I have no idea how to deal with it. Then I sit down, and listening to music. After I calm down, I can think about the problem and figure out the way to solve it. Music therapy is a growing field of health care. Many hospitals have already begun to use music to help patients. According to the article, â€Å"Hospitals are beginning to use music therapy to help with pain management, depression, to promote movement, to calm patients, to ease muscle tension, and other benefits. † As we can see, music is not only for relaxed, but also health. Many people like to listen to music when they are nerves and depression. Most people will feel better after they listen to music. Some people will ask how music can affect our body and mind. There is other research that shows brainwaves can be synchronized by music with a strong beat. Different speed beats have different effects in our brain. According to the article, â€Å"Faster beats bring sharper concentration and more alert thinking. Slower beats promote a calm, meditative state. † I think this is the reason why music can affect our body and we feel better after we listen to music. Music is a benefit to us, and music therapy will be growing in popularity. Is Music a Good Tool for Health In the article â€Å"Is Music a Good Tool for Health† by Elizabeth Scott, M. S. , she states that music has a powerful energy and affects our body and mind. And music therapy is a benefit to patients. I agree with the author’s opinion. Research shows that our body will be affected when we are listening to music. Our breathing and heart rate will slow down. This means music can help us reduce stress and depression. After we calm down, we can begin to solve the problem. When I have a trouble, I always lose my head and I have no idea how to deal with it. Then I sit down, and listening to music. After I calm down, I can think about the problem and figure out the way to solve it. Music therapy is a growing field of health care. Many hospitals have already begun to use music to help patients. According to the article, â€Å"Hospitals are beginning to use music therapy to help with pain management, depression, to promote movement, to calm patients, to ease muscle tension, and other benefits. † As we can see, music is not only for relaxed, but also health. Many people like to listen to music when they are nerves and depression. Most people will feel better after they listen to music. Some people will ask how music can affect our body and mind. There is other research that shows brainwaves can be synchronized by music with a strong beat. Different speed beats have different effects in our brain. According to the article, â€Å"Faster beats bring sharper concentration and more alert thinking. Slower beats promote a calm, meditative state. † I think this is the reason why music can affect our body and we feel better after we listen to music. Music is a benefit to us, and music therapy will be growing in popularity.

The Hypotheses Regarding Stonehenge Architecture Essay

Stonehenge is a set of earthworks and an ancient memorial located in Wiltshire, England. It is considered the most celebrated and visited site in the universe and is one of the enigmas in the universe which has ne'er been revealed. However, many people have created legion myths and fabrications to explicate enigmas behind it. Despite the legion myths and fabrications, there has been limited information sing Stonehenge ‘s creation/development. Most research workers and theoreticians refer to it as a rock memorial, a elephantine or ancient megalith. Archeologist Mike Parker Pearson has proposed a figure of hypothesis sing Stonehenge and its surrounding. He indicated that Stonehenge was used as a burial land from historical beginnings. In other words, Stonehenge represented a topographic point of the dead. The cremated remains found at the site acted as grounds and they indicated that entombments took topographic point at the site every bit early as 3000 BC ( Gargen 112 ) . Mike Pearson farther indicated that the arrangement of artefacts and Gravess around Stonehenge provided good grounds that the site was reserved as a sphere of the dead. New carbon 14 day of the months of human remains dug from the ancient Stonehenge in Southwest England indicate that the memorial was used as a graveyard. Initially, archaeologists had believed that Stonehenge had acted as burial evidences every bit early as 2700 and 2600 BC ( Gargen 114 ) . Peoples buried at Stonehenge were believed to hold been the elite of the environing society ; an early royal British dynasty. This hypothesis appears to be scientific due to the grounds provided by new wireless C day of the months of homo remains found in the memorial. Parker Pearson besides held the hypotheses that Stonehenge was a Centre for ascendant worship that was connected by River Avon and two other ceremonial avenues to a duplicate wooden circle near Durrington Walls. The ground as to why he held the hypotheses is due to the big colonies of houses found nearby Stonehenge. This reinforced his belief that both the colony and Stonehenge created a portion of a big ancient ceremony composite. He went in front and indicated that the two circles with lasting and impermanent constructions made a clear representation of the life and the dead spheres severally. He besides pointed out that the orientation of the rock circle pointed to sunrise and sunset on cardinal seasonal day of the months which clearly indicated it was a topographic point of ceremonial. On his hypotheses, Mike Pearson stated that Stonehenge was non a memorial in isolation ; instead it was really one of a brace connoting that it was made of both rock and lumber. The theory behind this is that Stonehenge is a type of spirit place to the ascendants. This hypothesis appears to be pseudo-scientific since there is no scientific grounds behind it.MentionGargen, Josphath. Theories behind Stonehenge. 2nd erectile dysfunction. New York: New York Press, 2003.Your NameANTH 160 – Section 02SJSU – Fall 2009Teacher:Robert Simpkins11/24/092 B )Describe the basic cultural characteristics and development of the Mound edifice Cultures of Eastern North America ( and particularly separating between the Woodland and Mississippian Cultures ) , and explain why they were attributed to a ‘lost race ‘ by 19th century bookmans. It is believed that mold builders were greatly involved in edifice of Earth plants every bit good as hills. The ceremonial and burial constructions were characteristically level topped pyramids or level topped cones and at some times a assortment of other signifiers. Some hills took after unusual forms such as the study of cosmologically important animate beings and were branded effigy hills name. Monk ‘s hill is one of the best known level topped pyramidal earthen ware at Cahokia, while Serpent hill found in southern Ohio is 5 pess tall, 1330 pess long and 20 pess broad takes the form of a snake ( Ian 86 ) . The hill builders included legion different tribal groups and chiefdoms that held unto a perplexing aggregation of beliefs and sole civilizations which were united together by the shared architectural pattern of hill building. The initial mold edifice was an early marker of merely get downing political and societal complexness among the civilizations in the Eastern United States. Woodlands civilization: a prehistoric civilization of eastern North America dates back in the first century. It is used to mention to Native American societies remaining in eastern United States. Adena and Hopewell were the earliest forest groups who inhabited Mississippi river vales and Ohio between 800 BC and 800 AD. Adena and Hopewell are normally known for their monolithic entombment hills, frequently modified with finely crafted sedate points. Initially, Adena were huntsmans and gatherers while Hopewell lived in small towns. The Mississippian civilization was developed around 700 A.D. It was developed by a population of husbandmans who practiced agricultural agriculture and deep-rooted harvests such as maizes, beans and squash. They besides engaged in a twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours runing. Mississippian civilization was ab initio a hill edifice Native American civilization. However, from about 800 CE to 1500 CE, it greatly flourished in what is normally known as Eastern, Midwestern and Southeastern United States ( Ian 76 ) . Mississippian civilization is considered different from the forest civilization on the footing that the Mississippian hills appear to be rectangular or square, big, level topped, mesa like platforms on which temples or houses were built. On the other manus, the forest hills are conelike, earthen constructions covering entombments in which wonderfully carved stone pipes and isinglass cutouts that are found along with skeletal remains. In add-on, burial hills were dominant during the forest period ( 100 B.C. to 400 A.D. ) , while temple hills predominated during the Mississippian period ( 1000 AD ) . Both Mississippian and forest civilizations were attributed to as a ‘lost race ‘ by the nineteenth century bookmans due to the fact that the new euro-American colonists were non willing to accept the fact that the hills had been built by the Native American Peoples. They were hence displacing and destructing most of the hills so as to plough away grounds. Consequently, the civilizations came along as a lost race in America.MentionIan, Bridgeston. The Mould Building Cultures. California: Anvil Press, 2000.Your NameANTH 160 – Section 02SJSU – Fall 2009Teacher:Robert Simpkins11/24/093B )Describe the history of Easter Island as it has been reconstructed by archeologists ; is this history a utile metaphor for the Earth? Is it similar or different from what happened in to other civilisations, and what can be learned from analyzing it? Easter Island, besides known as Rapa Nui is one of the universes celebrated but least visited archaeological sites located in the Pacific Ocean. The island is largely celebrated due to its 887 bing monumental statues( moai )which were created by Rapanui people. It is a bantam, presently treeless, hilly Island of volcanic nature ; lifting over 10,00ft from the floor of Pacific Ocean. Peterson ( 23 ) , states that Easter Island is among the youngest inhabited districts in the universe, and a larger portion of its history is that it was one of the most stray inhabited district. Easter Island was discovered three hundred old ages ago by European adventurers amidst the big infinite in South Pacific Ocean. Dutch adventurer, Jacob Roggeveen rediscovered it on Easter twenty-four hours in 1722, therefore the acquisition of its name ; Easter Island. During that clip, the Island was inhabited by a public of Polynesian beginning who had arrived from Marquesas Islands many centuries earlier. This has been proven by the Deoxyribonucleic acid extracts that were collected from the location. It is besides believed that the dwellers had come in with assorted workss, nutrients, tools and animate beings such as bananas, Sweet murphies, sugar cane, hogs, and poulets among others so as to get down a new life. Archeologists hold that there were three civilizations which lived on Easter Island around 400 AD. During this clip, the island was inhabited by people who specialized in doing little rock statues. After some clip, another civilisation broke down the statues and greatly used them to build long temple platforms known as ahus. They besides carved 600 plus tremendous rock flops taking the signifier of human existences and placed them on the ahus. It is believed that about 15 statues are still held by some ahus. Archaeological grounds indicates a fast devastation of the woods within a few centuries after the reaching of human existences. This played a major function in the decrease of woods and plantation in the island. The society played a function in the decrease of woods and plantations since they cleared land to works grasses, cut down trees to build canoes, they had besides come in with rats which devoured the seeds. By the terminal of 15th century, the full wood had disappeared, the fruits had died out and tree species were nonextant. The extinction of the animate beings in the Island was every bit thorough as that of the forest. All species of native land birds became nonextant and the shellfish were exploited. This led to the prostration of Easter Island ‘s society. The history of Easter Island is a utile metaphor of the planet Earth. The lesson obtained from Easter Island was that inequality and scarceness of important resources played a great function in happening of race murder. Consequently, a societal prostration of the society life in the island took topographic point. David ( 43 ) , states that during the seventh century, around 50 people arrived on Easter Island and increased to more than 70,000 by seventeenth century.MentionDavid, Myer. The history of Easter Island. 3rd erectile dysfunction. Cambridge: Cambridge Press.Your NameANTH 160 – Section 02SJSU – Fall 2009Teacher:Robert Simpkins11/24/094 ) Stonehenge as an ancient Centre of mendingThis appears to be an interesting subject since Stonehenge is normally known as a burial site among the archaeologists. However, Tim Darvil and Geoff Wainwright have come up with the grounds that the memorial acted as a Centre of mending. Margaret ( 57 ) , states that monolithic Numberss of Britons flocked at the sight with the purpose of bring arounding their diseases and mending present hurts. Many dwellers believed that the rock found at the site had charming and mending qualities which greatly attracted legion pilgrims to the site. A adult male ‘s Remains at about five stat mis from Stonehenge were discovered by the two archaeologists. The remains collected indicated that the adult male had a knee cap infection and a terrible tooth eruption. This was hence used as strong grounds by the two archaeologists and they came up with the theory that the adult male may hold died on his manner to the mending evidences ( Stonehenge ) . In add-on, a skeleton analysis which was found three stat mis from the memorial indicated that the adult male had travelled a long distance and was enduring from a potentially deathly dental disease. It was hence concluded that he had travelled that long distance as a manner of seeking for the rocks associated with the mending power. Most archaeologists remain inexorable that the site and the environing country were majorly used as a burial land. To endorse their healing hypothesis, Darvill and Wainwright studied the bluish rocks found at the site and which were believed to hold been at that place since 2400 BC and 2200 BC. Having studied 14 samples of organic stuff such as the bone in the trench and carbonized works remains, they indicated that it was good grounds that the evidences provided first-class mending evidences to the community. The blue rock survey undermines the chief theory suggested by Mike Parker Pearson that the memorial acted chiefly as burial evidences and hereditary site where people held ceremonials and offered forfeits to the ascendants. Other important finds from the excavation have been made at the memorial. A series of little rocks broken down from the larger standing 1s were discovered and the archaeologists believed that the rocks were used as lucky appeals. This provided the grounds that the ancient people believed in the healing belongingss of the rocks. The archaeologists besides believed that the bluish rocks had legion healing belongingss since there were a figure of sacred springs in Preseli which were considered to hold wellness giving qualities. The two archaeologists besides quoted the twelfth century Monk indicating that the rocks were thought to hold medicative belongings. The grounds uncovered by their digs portrayed that people were come offing and traveling off pieces of the bluestones through the Roman epoch through the in-between ages. In relation to the finds made refering Stonehenge, it can be concluded that Stonehenge is a popular and powerful topographic point of pilgrim's journey. However, there is no support that the memorial ‘s mending power truly worked.MentionsMargaret, Katherine. The enigma behind Stonehenge. Harvard: Harvard Press, 2002.

Jake – creative writing

I pushed off onto the ice; whoosh! I felt alive. I looked around at children laughing and falling, young lovers skating round and round, hand in hand. I turned to see Jake gliding toward me, a look of boyish glee on his face. I smiled and took his out-stretched, gloved hand in mine. We lapped the frozen lake together in synchrony, talking, laughing and generally showing off, when Jake decided to show me, and everyone else on the opaque ice, what he was made of. He sped off, jumping and twisting like half of Torville and Dean, receiving many admiring glances as he landed, sure-footed, back on the ice. â€Å"Bet you can't beat that!† he laughed across to me, his heavy breathe coming out cloudy in front of him. I couldn't ignore a challenge like that. I flew across the ice as though I had sprouted wings, oblivious to the cheers and shouts around me. I jumped, twisted, pirouetted and twirled elegantly, breathing in the sweet, pine-scented air. Torville was always the better half of the skating partnership. I skated back toward Jake, a triumphant smile flitting across my face. All at once the ice gave way beneath me; I didn't even have time to scream before a chasm opened up, swallowed me whole and the freezing water surrounded me. A memory flashed; this had happened before. I was only six then but the same fear I had then burned through my mind and numbed my body. I pushed upward, but my sodden clothes pulled me under; down, down. I tried to kick the heavy boots off my numb feet and pushed one last time. My outstretched fingers hit solid ice. I clawed and desperately clutched at the ice trying to find the hole. As my mouth filled with water I knew that this was the end, but I didn't care anymore because I was so cold. I just wanted to be warm. Suddenly a strong hand grabbed me from behind, wrenching me from the water and bringing me back to my senses. I looked up into Jake's hazel eyes; they were clouded with fear and worry. He planted a warm kiss on my cheek and wrapped his dry coat around me. â€Å"I love you,† he whispered in my ear. I was too cold to talk but my eyes radiated all the love I had for him. â€Å"An ambulance has been called, dear,† â€Å"it won't be long now,† a kindly old man murmured, smiling. â€Å"Thank you,† Jake replied, being my voice. I was completely numb to everything. I remember everyone coming forward and piling coats on top of me as Jake held me on the frozen ground. Jake whispered in my ear the whole time to try and keep me awake. Hazily, I tried to concentrate on the softness of his voice and the pain of my body eased. I don't know how long I lay there until the ambulance arrived and the young paramedics lifted me onto a stretcher and carried me into the ambulance. Jake was pushed aside when he explained he was my boyfriend. â€Å"I'm sorry,† the young man said, â€Å"but it's hospital policy; only family are allowed on board.† â€Å"Ok† Jake, said, pain in his voice. â€Å"I'll go and get her mum.† He nodded. â€Å"Be strong, beautiful† he called to me as he ran to get his car. I woke up a few hours later in a hospital bed, with my mother's face, shiny with tears and mascara stains, looming over me. â€Å"Hi sweetheart, its ok, I'm here now.† She said, her voice cracked and strained with worry. I tried to move my arms and legs before realising I was wrapped up in tinfoil. My mother, noticing my confused face, smiled and said â€Å"Its fine love, it just to keep you warm. The doctors want to keep you in over night to check that everything's ok, and then you and me can go home.† â€Å"Where's Jake, Mum?† † Didn't he come with you to the hospital?† Mum's body stiffened and she quickly turned her face away from mine. â€Å"What's the matter?† â€Å"Where is Jake?† I asked again, a hint of despair creeping into my voice. Just then the door inched open and Chloe's head popped round the door. † Lily?† â€Å"Lily, are you in there, I think they said room 2b.† â€Å"LILY!† Jessie squealed, as she pushed passed Chloe and embraced me in a hug as best she could, considering the way in which I was wrapped up. â€Å"Oh my god you look like a chicken drumstick!† joked Nia as she, Chloe and Jessie surrounded the bed. Mum quietly slipped out of the room and I smiled back at my friends soaking up the attention. Everyone that I cared about was around this bed. Except Jake. I felt a pang of sadness and rejection as it sank in that he had not yet come to visit. â€Å"You have missed so much!† Chloe stressed as she sat down on the comfy chair beside my bed. â€Å"Have I?† â€Å"I've only been here for half a day.† Chloe grimaced, â€Å"Yeah, well a lot happens in half a day you know!† she said. â€Å"Especially if someone's after your man!† added Jesse with a nod at Nia. â€Å"You know how Amy's been trying to steal Drey for ages, yeah?† â€Å"Well Nia caught Amy at a party, all over him like a rash!† she said raising her voice shrilly at the end of her sentence, causing the other two to glare and stare pointedly at the ‘please be quiet' sign. â€Å"Oops,† she giggled. â€Å"Sorry.† â€Å"What did you do Nia? I hope it wasn't anything stupid!† I said trying to sound mature. â€Å"Of course I wasn't stupid. She just needed teaching a lesson.† â€Å"She smacked her one!† Chloe whispered stifling a giggle. â€Å"And broke her nose.† â€Å"You broke Amy's nose?† I questioned disbelievingly as Nia turned the colour of an over-ripe tomato. â€Å"No! You didn't?† I looked at Nia and the smug, satisfied look on her face said it all. â€Å"I chucked Drey of course. He wasn't exactly beating her off with a barge pole.† â€Å"Men! Who needs 'em?† cried Jessie loudly, only to be kicked and elbowed into silence. Jesse looked surprised but then, as though remembering herself, she quietened and sank back into the other chair looking upset. What the hell was going on? â€Å"Err†¦ What's wrong, guys?† I asked suspiciously. â€Å"Nothing†¦nothing† they all assured me. I was too tired to persist and suddenly felt overwhelmed by their noise. As though sensing this Nia announced, â€Å"Well we best be off† and nodding to the group they stood up and busied themselves putting the chairs and bedclothes straight, unnecessarily. One by one they all said goodbye bending over me for hugs. As they did so, I noticed that Jessie had glistening, held back tears in her eyes and she turned her head away as they left together. I slept for the rest of the day slipping in and out of dreams as my mum vigilantly sat beside my bed. The next morning I was allowed to go home. â€Å"You feeling ok, love?† asked my mum as she leaned across the car for a hug but I shrugged her off. â€Å"I'm fine thanks, mum; let's just get home, eh?† As we reached the main road mum questioned my sullen behaviour. â€Å"Are you sure you all right, love? You've hardly said a word.† â€Å"I'm fine, it's just that Jake hasn't called or come to see me in hospital. Doesn't he care?† Mum's eyes welled up and silent tears started to run down her face. She slowed down as her vision was blurred. I am no longer a child but when a parent starts crying you begin to worry. â€Å"Mum?† She just shook her head and continued driving in silence, along the slippery winter roads. When we pulled up to the house I got out of the car, stumbling toward the house in my eagerness to ring Jake. As mum followed me in she asked, â€Å"What do you want to do now, love?† with a tight, hollow smile on her face. â€Å"I'm just going to ring Jake for a chat. Don't worry I won't be on too long.† â€Å"Lily† mum said, catching hold of my arm; â€Å"We need to talk.† â€Å"Why? What's wrong?† â€Å"Sit down, love.† Mum said placing herself beside me and taking my red, chapped hands in hers. â€Å"I'm sorry to tell you this but†¦ Jake has passed away†¦Ã¢â‚¬  she trailed off. â€Å"No!† I cried jumping up from the settee â€Å"NO!† â€Å"Calm down sweetheart!† Mum said pulling me back down beside her. I flopped down and searched her dark brown eyes trying to see some sense but as our eyes connected I knew it was true. Jake was gone. After what seemed a lifetime, I found my voice. â€Å"How?† I croaked as my throat began to close and bright spots invaded my vision as I broke down, but I had to know. † Car crash† came the strangled reply. â€Å"He was on his way to the hospital, and a lorry skidded on the roads†¦.they're so icy this time of year†¦.anyway, I'm sorry love, they hit Jake's car straight on.† â€Å"The doctors said he felt no pain.† My mum put her arms round me pulling me toward her as she did when I was a child. It had worked so well then, a mother's love could beat off all the evil in the world, but not now, not this time. I couldn't see how anything could be true anymore. I pulled away from her warm bond, chilled to the bone, and ran upstairs to my room, my sanctuary. I looked at the pictures on the wall, Jake. Jake. JAKE I wanted to scream but no words came out. I began tearing them all down, the pain inside me forcing itself into a ball, which welled up in my gut and rose to my throat but which I refused to set free. Staring at the defaced walls, something inside me snapped and I collapsed sobbing on my freshly-made bed and drifted into coma-like sleep. I awoke later wondering where I was and what had happened. Looking around and seeing the floor littered with torn pictures, the anguish and pain returned, tearing at my mind, body and soul. I rolled onto the floor and looked under the bed pulling out the pink and silver box Jake had given me for our first anniversary. I carefully withdrew the letters he had written to me and inhaled the deep, musky scent he always sprayed on the paper, as he knew I loved the aroma so much. I looked down to see his loopy handwriting on the very first letter he had sent to me and began to read words that I knew would never be spoken by him again. ‘My darling Lily, I love you with all my heart and I wish you were here, with me now. I wish I could be near you always, you are my heart and soul and I would give my life to you†¦' I crumpled the paper tightly in my fist and held it to my heart which was shattered in pieces inside my chest. Mum found me still clutching his letter hours later. â€Å"Come on, Lily.† â€Å"Jake's mum has just been on the phone. It's the funeral tomorrow, are you up to it?† Unable to find my tongue, I nodded. At the funeral I stood with Jake's mother, Cheryl. As a widow, Jake was her only son and now he was gone too. I was all she had left to cling to; ‘the daughter she never had'. Speeches were made about Jake by his best friend James and his uncle Peter, who had been like a father to Jake since his own had died when he was only a small boy. Sermons over, the black, shiny coffin was carried down the aisle by Jake's friends and relatives. I held Cheryl's hand tightly, holding on to let her know I was there for her. Cheryl had arranged the whole thing, right down to what he was wearing inside the silk-lined coffin-his last resting place. As â€Å"I'll be missing you† echoed around the full church, all my emotions flooded in and I began to weep for this was â€Å"our song†; Jake's and mine. My chest tightened as I gasped for breath, yet taking no air. It was just like drowning again, except this time there were no strong arms to pull me up. I was alone. Jake was gone. After the funeral, things didn't get better. Each day I sank deeper and deeper into depression, as I didn't see the point of going on without Jake by my side. Now he was no longer there to share my life I couldn't give a toss about anything; he used to be my backbone; my strength. Soon my friends tired of my depressive moods and each one wavered before eventually wilting away under the constant sorrow I was wallowing in. Mum tried of course but day by day our relationship became more strained as she tried to cheer me up and get me to take an interest in what was going on around me again. But the self-pity was all consuming and all efforts to encourage me to move forward were pushed away and rejected. After a couple of months, or maybe longer, something snapped. Black, black everything was black. But everything was clear to me, I would go and join Jake. The tablets that the doctor had left to help me to overcome my depression suddenly had a new purpose. They were my means of escape and one-way ticket to wherever Jake, my love, my life, was. It was so simply, quick and easy really. Why did I not think of it before? Why had I waited all this time and put all my friends through hell? Two packets of tablets later, nice, small pink ones each one bringing me closer to Jake I slipped into unconsciousness waiting to see the light I'd read about in magazines. But there was no light, only pain as the paramedics pumped the drugs out of my stomach. Mum crying again and angry at me for so selfishly wanting to waste my life in this way. Not that I cared then, but that was then and this is now. Waking up in the hospital once again, I felt the weight of depression that had pulled me down, like my clothes and boots under the ice, had lifted from me. I knew nothing would ever replace Jake and that my life would never truly be whole without him in it but somehow, some way after two close encounters with death I had seen a light and realised that life was a precious gift not to be wasted. It was different leaving the hospital with mum this time, knowing I was going home to start afresh. This time, instead of calling Jake, I went to say goodbye carefully putting all the things he had given to me in the box before sliding it under my bed.

HW Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 5

HW - Essay Example Gestures have been used effectively as well; the movement of the fingers to indicate the turning on of a vehicles ignition key at 0:03, the movements of the feet to indicate engagement of the gear pedals (0:04), hand movements to indicate the turning of the steering wheels (0:12), the circling of the hands by the two ladies to demonstrate the position and use of seatbelts (0:44), the bending and splashing away of the contents on the stool to show the effect of inertia (0:56). Body positions have been used as well but not as effectively as possible. The ladies sitting position (0:08) indicate relaxation, and towards the end it indicates the urgency of the moment (1:08), their position indicates relaxation (1:16). Thus, non-verbal communication was effectively used in the advertisement. The choice of non-verbal communication by the creators instead of using words captures the attention of the viewer’s better since they are keen to get the message, and this ensures the message is communicated effectively. The message in the ad is that a man driving a car is involved in an accident and ends up not hurt because the seat-belts keep him safe. Had the creators decided to use verbal communication the advertisement wouldn’t have been as effective as it has been since non-verbal communication captures the attention of the viewer to the end by raising interest and curiosity in the viewer as opposed to verbal communication. I agree that the creators of this video clip have used non-verbal communication very effectively. Moreover, the clip demonstrated the importance of seatbelts to the safety of a person in a motor vehicle. Besides that, it also demonstrated how a seatbelt can preserve happiness and unity in the family and at the same time enhance safety. This is shown clearly at the end of the clip when the family members are holding each other with an expression of relief

Nursing & Medicine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Nursing & Medicine - Essay Example The liver is the largest gland in the vertebrate body, composed of a spongy mass of wedge-shaped lobes that has many metabolic and secretory functions. It is a reddish-brown in color and is located in the upper right part of the abdominal cavity extending 3-4 inches to the left of the midline. It weighs about three pounds and is approximately 3-5% fat. It performs over 500 functions. In humans the pancreas weighs approximately 80 grams, has roughly the configuration of an inverted smoker's pipe, and is situated in the upper abdomen. The head of the pancreas (equivalent to the bowl of the pipe) is immediately adjacent to the duodenum, while its body and tail extend across the midline nearly to the spleen. The bulk of pancreatic tissue is devoted to its exocrine function, the elaboration of digestive enzymes that are secreted via the pancreatic ducts into the duodenum. Most oral contraceptives are "combination pills" containing a combination of the hormones estrogen and progesterone to prevent ovulation (the release of an egg during the monthly cycle). A woman cannot concieve if she doesn't ovulate because there is no egg to be fertilized. The Pill also works by thickening the mucus around the cervix, which makes it difficult for sperm to enter the uterus and reach any eggs that may have been released.

Pesticide Use and Environmental Change in Rachel Carson's The Research Paper

Pesticide Use and Environmental Change in Rachel Carson's The Obligation to Endure - Research Paper Example Specifically, in The Obligation to Endure, Rachel Carson cites some destructive human activities that cause environmental change. For one, Carson emphasized that the use of pesticide to increase agricultural productivity inflicts more harm to nature than benefits. In the article, Carson’s arguments on environmental change and pesticide use are interesting, considering that these delve on the distinct relationship between human beings and their environment. Accordingly, this paper attempts to fulfill threefold goals in relation to Carson’s article. First is the identification of the existing environmental changes today; second is the analysis of the role of human beings concerning those environmental changes; third is the discussion of the long-term and short term effects of pesticide use, and lastly, the identification of possible solutions that may help recover the vitality of the environment. To attain those objectives, this research also makes use of existing scholar ly articles concerning the topic to support its arguments; books and web articles are used to attain further background about Rachel Carson and her environmental advocacies. Article Overview Rachel Carson, one of America’s most prominent marine biologists, may be considered the most influential woman in the field of environmental studies and ecological policy. Doell mentions that her contribution to the field of science and politics, although indirectly, is attributable to her write-ups in Silent Spring, particularly about the â€Å"aggressive backlash from the agricultural chemical industry† (113). Silent Spring is a collection of essays about industrialization, human activity, and its influence on the changing features of the environment, particularly on the â€Å"war on weeds† (Paull 37). Specifically, in The Obligation to Endure, Carson highlights that pesticide use is the most environmentally damaging of all human activities; she also discusses the existing environmental policies on pesticide use. Aside from this, Carson also discusses the temporary and permanent impact of pesticide use on both humanity and the environment. In reading the article, one can say that Carson’s argument on genetic flexibility and adaptability is the most interesting topics in the article. With those two topics, Carson was able to explain the long-term and short term effects of pesticide use on the physiological features of humans, insects, and other organisms. In the article, Carson explains how the synthetic, toxic chemicals contained in pesticides alter the natural genetic makeup of human beings and insects, which also drives further changes in the environment. Although Carson posits, in the last paragraphs of the article, that she does not intend to discourage the use of pesticides, she also contends that human beings should be more watchful when using products that are based on synthetic chemicals. She emphasized the necessity of knowing the imp act of chemical-based products while putting the responsibility of educating the public on biologically damaging products on the hands of government officials and the private sector. Consequently, the article may be considered a parable of human existence and a warning to the people,

Personal Philosophy of Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Personal Philosophy of Education - Essay Example While the worldviews of monotheists and polytheists are also substantially different from each other, yet they are similar at least to the extent that both believe in the existence of an other world that is beyond the reach and sight of the human beings for a certain time. Religion happens to be the main source of guidance and influence in terms of worldview because it provides the most radical and sensible explanation of what life is all about. Metaphysics  Since I believe in God, I believe that whatever I do in this world will have an impact on what I get in the world hereafter. My future in the world hereafter depends upon my performance in this world; the extent to which I remain noble, just, and fair will depict whether I deserve reward or punishment as a result of my deeds in the world hereafter. The concept of the impact of the deeds performed in this world upon the life hereafter motivates me to be good to others and sacrifice many pleasures in this world. The profession of teaching in this perspective is a very noble profession in that it provides me with the opportunity to spread knowledge and light in the society, to empower the society by empowering the students and particularly the young generation from the standpoint of knowledge as well as morally. This is a just and respectable way of earning money because an individual gets to contribute positively to the society in compensation. My worldview implies that I do my duty with uttermost honesty and sincerity.

Religion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 8

Religion - Essay Example These patterns are also manifested in Great Britain, where affiliation to the Church of England determined voting patterns. The effect of religion on political systems is also manifested by Catholicism and Protestant views, where Catholic candidates in presidential elections receive distinct and different reactions between Protestants and Catholics. The other effect of religion in political systems is indicated in the prohibition, birth control and abortion debates. Both in the United States, Europe and Third World economies, and religion has been the major force in determining whether the factors mentioned above are legal or prohibited. The religious issue is deeper in the Third World, where political parties are determined by religious affiliation. Third World economies have varying types of communal political parties, sect-based parties and ideological religious parties that are based on religious views. One of the best examples of the effect of religion on political systems is the Islamist movement in some Third World countries that runs the politics of these countries. Developing forms of Islamism were promoted by Qutb, Mawdudi and Ayatollah Khoumeini of Iran and came to develop to become organized

The Ancient World Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Ancient World - Article Example Question 2.Through the Roman Literature and Art, we are able to learn a lot about how Roman women could have power through their ability to influence men so as to achieve their objectives. For instance in the Thucydides’, History of the Peloponnesian War, we learn the great role that the women played in the Peloponnesian War. Also, in Livy’s book, The History of Rome from its Foundation, (Gochberg, 338- 400), we see the great political influence that the Roman women had in the development of the Roman Empire. Also, in, Xenophon the Laws and Customs of the Spartans (Gochberg 160-172), we find the great roles that women played in the ancient Greece’s culture and politics through influencing men on various matters. Question 3. Roman culture has had lasting influence upon the neighbours of the Roman Empire. Some of the areas in which Roman culture has had lasting influence include in the areas of art, architecture, Religion and language. For instance in Demosthenes, First Philippic (B&L 247-251), we find how Hellenistic culture spread to all the neighbours of Greece. Also, in Livy’s book, The History of Rome from its Foundation, we find how the Greece politics influenced politics of the neighbours of Greece. ... Herodotus’ Histories explains how Roman -Spartan war took place in 195 BC., and lastly in the Livy’s book, The History of Rome from its Foundation, we see how war emerged following Rome’s attempt to impose their culture upon other people. Question 5. Emperors used religion to support their power. In his book, The Golden Age, Apuleius discusses how emperors used religion as a tool to support their power. This is also discussed by the Historian Josephus in, Jewish War (Mellor 331-345). We find the same discussion on this immoral behaviour of emperors in the book, The History of Rome from its Foundation, (Gochberg, 338- 400), by Livy. Part 2 Many ancient civilizations were characterized by one group of people being empowered through a marginalization of another group of people. The marginalization of one group of people by another was a result of a war in which the losers in war were made slaves by their conquerors. In this paper we are going to look at three groups of people who were continually marginalized by others. The three groups of people that we are going to look at and who were marginalized by their neighbours are the people of Macedonia, Spartans, and the Syrians. Marginalization of the Macedonians resulted from a war between the Romans and the Macedon state, led by Philip V (Robin and Mattern- Parkes, web). This war was fought in between the years 200-197. The result of the war was that King Philip of Macedon was defeated and he was forced to relinquish all his possessions in South of Greece. King Philip had, however, put up a very spirited resistance against the Romans although eventually he was defeated. Through this war, the people of Macedon were dominated and enslaved by the Romans. The result of this domination was

Deat Adam Smith and the Wealth of Nations Essay Example for Free

Deat Adam Smith and the Wealth of Nations Essay They would do this not as a means of benefiting society, but in an effort to outperform their competitors and gain the greatest profit. But all this self-interest would benefit society as a whole by providing it with more and better goods and services, at the lowest prices. To explain why all society benefits when the economy is free of regulation, Smith used the metaphor of the â€Å"invisible hand†: â€Å"Every individual is continually exerting himself to find the most advantageous employment for whatever capital he can command. It this own advantage, and not that of society, which he has in mind, but he is in this, as in many other cases, led by an invisible hand to promote and end which was no part of his intention, for the persuade of his own advantage necessarily leads him to prefer that employment which is most advantageous to society. † The â€Å"invisible hand† was Smith’s name for the economic forces that we today would call supply and demand, or the marketplace. He sharply disagreed with mercantilists who, in theft quest for a â€Å"favorable balance of trade,† called for regulation of the economy. Instead, Smith agreed with the physiocrats and their policy of â€Å"laissez faire† letting individual and businesses function without interference from government regulation of private monopolies. In that way, the â€Å"invisible hand† would be free to guide the economy and maximize production. The Wealth of Nations goes on to describe the principal elements of the economic system. In a famous section, Smith turned to the pin industry to demonstrate how the division of labour and the use of machinery increased output. One man draws out the wire, another straights it, a third cuts it, a fourth points it, a fifth grinds it at the top for receiving the head; to make the head requires two or three distinct operations. † Also modern technology has improved the methods by which pins are produced; the principles pertaining to the division of labour remain unchanged. Similarly, other section dealing with the factors of production, money and international trade are as mea ningful today as when they were first written. You can see, therefore, hat Thomas Jefferson’s Declaration of Independence and Adam Smith’s The Wealth of Nations have more in common that a birthday. More importantly, both contain some of the best descriptions of the principles upon which our political and economic systems are based. 2. Comprehension 2. 1. Fill in the gaps with the necessary prepositions. 1. The year of 1776 associates †¦ the signing †¦ The Declaration †¦ Independence. 2. It earned the author the title â€Å"the father †¦ economics,† Smith objected †¦ the principal economic believes †¦ his day. 3. He disagreed †¦ the mercantilists who measured the wealth of a nation †¦ its money supply, and who called †¦ government regulation of the economy †¦ order †¦ promote a â€Å"favorable balance †¦ trade. † 4. It this own advantage, and not that †¦ society, which he has †¦ mind, but he is in this, as †¦ many other cases, led †¦ an invisible hand to promote and end which was no part of his intention, †¦ the persuade †¦ his own advantage necessarily leads him to prefer that employment which is most advantageous to society. 5. †¦ that way, the â€Å"invisible hand† would be free †¦ guide the economy and maximize production. . Also modern technology has improved the methods †¦ which pins are produced; the principles pertaining †¦ the division †¦ labour remain unchanged. 7. Thomas Jefferson’s Declaration †¦ Independence and Adam Smith’s The Wealth of Nations have more †¦ common that a birthday. 8. Both contain some †¦ the best descriptions †¦ the principles †¦ which our political and economic systems are based. 2. 2. Answer the questions to the text. 1. When and where was The Wealth of Nations by A. Smith published? 2. What is a famous nickname of Adam Smith and why? 3. What economic issues did Adam Smith deny? 4. What does a nation’s wealth depend upon according to A. Smith? 5. What was the heart of his economic philosophy? 6. In what way did he explain why society benefits when the economy is free of regulation? 7. What is â€Å"invisible hand† in the text? How do we call it today? 8. What physiocrats’ policy did Smith agree with? 9. What is described in Adam Smith’s â€Å"The Wealth of Nations†? 10. How can the division of labour and the use of machinery increase output according to Smith? 11. Is there anything common in Thomas Jefferson’s Declaration of Independence and Adam Smith’s The Wealth of Nations? 2. 3. Find in the text English equivalents for: , 3. Lexico-grammatical exercises 3. 1. Find out the correspondent definition to the given English business colloquialisms. Give the Ukrainian variants. Make up a dialogue about your business using 5 of the given English business colloquialisms. ColloquialismDefinition All in everything included in the price Big notesa very important person Book of wordsgenerally

The Implementation Of Nuclear Energy In Malaysia Engineering Essay

The Implementation Of Nuclear Energy In Malaysia Engineering Essay Nuclear energy is one of the most important sources of energy that come from uranium and originates from the splitting of uranium atoms in a process called fission at the power plant. The fission process is used to generate heat for producing steam, which is used to turn the turbine to generate electricity.[3] In the mid-twentieth century, nuclear energy was discovered and the implementation of nuclear energy as a source of power was slow to come to get the result because it is still under research and development, but it became an important part of the worlds power source. With the oil crisis from the past and recently, nuclear energy was the preferred method to generate electricity, but nuclear meltdown when some failure occur in the plant created a culture of fear amongst the world. In example was Chernobyl disaster that killed many lives. [1] Based on the history, nuuclear energy was mainly started in the year of 1896, where Antoine Henri Becquerel discovered radioactivity in uranium. Followed by in the year of 1902, Marie and Pierre Curie isolated a radioactive metal called radium .While in the year of 1905, Albert Einstein formulated his Special Theory of Relativity where he explain mass can be considered to be another form of energy and Enrico Fermi first experimented with nuclear fission in 1934 when he bombarded uranium with neutrons. However he didnt realize that he had achieved nuclear fission. Scientists soon realized that the neutrons split the nucleus of the uranium atoms and that if the resulting fission could release more neutrons, a sustainable nuclear chain reaction would result. After that the nuclear was use to create atomic bomb for war purposes. The first atomic bomb or A-bomb was tested at Alamogordo, New Mexico on 16 July 1945. After the bomb experiment, the Enola Gay, an American airplane, dropped the first atomic bomb ever used in warfare on Hiroshima(Japan) followed by the second atomic bomb on the Japanese city of Nagasaki. [2] Nuclear energy was produced in the year 1951 and this encouraging President Dwight D. Eisenhower to give his Atoms for Peace speech to call for peaceful implementation of nuclear power for the world. By the year of 1954, the U.S.S.R. was generating nuclear energy for its power grid and at Geneva conference in 1955, the European Economic Community and the International Atomic Energy Agency were launched in order to promote a safe and sustainable nuclear powered for the world. Based on the oil crisis in the year of 1970s, many countries were moving in the direction of establishing nuclear power plants to meet the worlds energy needs since the demand of power are keep increasing. [1] 3.2 Nuclear Energy Implementation 3.2.1 Electrical power Uranium is an element found a lot in the Rocky Mountains which we can see these mountains in Canada, South Africa and Australia. Nuclear power plants obviously are fueled by this Uranium. The reason behind making nuclear power possible is usually an infinite energy which was stored in the uranium atoms. By interact the uranium and form of plutonium we might to generate electricity based on the three heavy elements. The nuclear reaction generates heat that is used to boil water to create steam and to drive or turn the turbine to generate electricity. In addition , as we found these days that fossil fuel plant which was limited resources compare to uranium which was a finite non-renewable resource, this is as the generation was almost the same way of this fossil fuel plant. [4] Fossil fuel and Nuclear power stations working almost in the same way based on plant, except the chain reaction which is located inside a nuclear reactor makes the heat instead. However , the heat is generated by nuclear fission, beside the reactor in the nuclear plant uses Uranium rods as fuel. The neutrons smash into the nucleus of the uranium atoms, which split roughly in half and release energy in the form of heat. How to take the heat a way? Carbon dioxide gas or water is pumped through the reactor, and heats the water to become steam to drives the turbines which drive the generators to generate electricity. By taking Britain as example, we might see that their nuclear power stations are often built on the coast and they dont have huge cooling towers that like others country because they use sea water for cooling the steam ready to be pumped round again. The reactor is controlled with control rods that are made of boron, which absorb neutrons. When the rods are lowered into the reactor, they absorb more neutrons and the fission process slows down. To generate more power, the rods are raised and more neutrons can crash into uranium atoms.[5] 3.2.2 Pressurized Water Reactor System Pressurized water reactors were basically consisting of a single fuel element and was assembly of up to 200 fuel pins which are made of zircaloy cadded and these pins are immersed in a large steel pressure vessel containing ordinary light water. The light water serves as both a coolant and moderator and has a higher neutron-absorbing capacity than heavy water (D2O) and causes increase of the percentage of 235U in the core. Uranium dioxide is a source of fuel for this reactor. The pressure vessel consists of control rods that pass through the lid, the light water under pressure, and the reactor core. The water attains a temperature of approximately 270 C without boiling, due to a pressure of about 13.8 to 17.2 MPa which is maintained through a pressurizer. The light water passes in a closed circuit to a heat exchanger. This process causes heating the water up and convert to steam. This steam drives one or more turbine generators, is condensed, and pumped back to the steam generator. T o condense the steam we may use other sources of water from a lake, river, or cooling tower. In order to remove the lid and replace an appropriate portion of fuel pin assembly or to refuel it, the reactor must be shut down completely. This occurs every 12 to 18 months. one way we will be not able to prevent the reactor from overheating while finding a rupture of the cooling system tubing. Due to this danger, reactors are surrounded by a double-walled pressure containment building and contain a number of emergency core-cooling systems. [6] 3.2.3 Boiling Water Reactor System Boiling Water Reactor System is another kind of reactors. It was fuelled by 235U, enriched as uranium dioxide. If we are looking for a particular way of removing heat we may find allowing water to boil is the most particular method. This boiling water reactor allows the coolant within the reactor core to boil. The steam generated is then separated, dried, and passed directly to the turbine generators and condensed and passed back into the reactor core. Steam collection also occurs on top of reactor and must be shut down for refueling. there are many emergency systems in that particular reactor, the entire reactor is housed within a primary containment chamber which includes the underneath, a ring-shaped tunnel that filled with water. sinc there was steam or water were going to escape, it enters that tunnel, then going to condenses.[6] 3.2.4 Energy Power Plant in Malaysia Malaysias Electricity Generation, 1980-2003. (Source: EIA) In Malaysia, there has around 16 giga watts of electric generation capacity, 87% of it is from thermal and 13% of it is from hydroelectric and a very minimum from Hybrid electric. [11] The above Figure show the electricity generation by thermal and hydropower in year 1980 to 2003 in Malaysia. However, the following table shows some of power stations in Malaysia NO Name of Power station Powered by 1 Malim Nawar Power Station, Malim Nawar, Park Coal 2 Pantai Remis Power station, Pantai Remis, Perak Coal 3 Manjung power Station, Manjung, Perak Coal 4 Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah Power Station, Kapar,Selangor Coal 5 Perai Power Station, Butterworth ,Penang Coal 6 Tuanku Jaafar Power Station, Port Dickson ,Negeri Sembilan Oil 7 Tanjung Kilan Power Station, Melaka Oil 8 Sultan Iskander Power Station, Pasir Gudang, Johor Gas 9 Serdang Power Station ,serdang, Selangor Gas 10 Sultan Ismail Power Station , Paka, Terengganu OilGas 11 Connaught Bridge Power Station, Klang,Selangor steam Table1: TNB Power Stations in Malaysia (source: answers.com 2006). Thermal power plant Thermal power plant means that most of the machines in that power plant are move or operate by using the steam. It is categorize as non-renewable energy. By heating up the water, it produces steam and the steam is use to spin a steam turbine which drives an electrical generator. After that the steams that go through the turbine will be condensed in a condenser for recycled back to where it was being heated. [12] To heat up the power plant, normally fuel sources are being use. In Malaysia, we use gas, coal, biomass and oil. The way that gas, coal and oil use in a power plant is very straight forward, their main and only purpose is to heat up the water. But it is a little bit different in Biomass power plant. In Biomass power plant, solid biofuels like chipped or pelleted wood are used to heat up the boilers to create the steams from the water inside the boilers to drives the turbines. Beside of that, wood can also be gasified to create a so call bio-gas that use to run the gas engines or gas turbines that use to drive the electricity generator. [13] Thermal power plant can produced electricity from 6M watt up to 2500M watt depending on the kind of resources used. Example: Tuanku Jaafar Power Station (Negeri Sembilan), TSH Bio Sdn Bhd (Sabah), etc. [15] Hydropower plant Hydropower plant means that the electricity is produce using the gravitational force of falling or flowing water. It is categorize as one of the kind of renewable energy, and it is the most widely use amount the other renewable energy. [14] In Malaysia, beside from the normal huge Hydropower plant that using the gravitational force of falling water, there is also a Hydropower plant that is using flowing water that we called it mini Hydropower plant. The electric capacity that produces by it is not more than 10GWatt ( Hybrid power plant Hybrid power plant mean the turbine is drive by using wind, solar, diesel and battery. It is a non-renewable energy because it requires diesel to run the turbine at the same time with the support of the wind, solar and also battery energy. The energy that can be produces by Hybrid power plant is depending on how many hectares of solar cells or wind turbine are being used. Example: Pulau Perhentian Kecil (Terengganu). [15] 3.2.5 Nuclear Energy Implementation in Malaysia A 1MW Triga research reactor has been operated since 1982 by the Malaysian Institute for Nuclear Technology Research and was renamed as the Malaysian Nuclear Agency to reflect its roles in promoting the peaceful uses of atomic energy. [9] Basically in Malaysia, our country have been under developing this nuclear energy plan and been sending officer to Australia for training in nuclear since since 1985. Malaysia is ready to build Nuclear Power Plant(NPP) without any problem as our country have enough qualified manpower to oversee the implementation and operation but there is no decision yet by the goverment. [16] Malaysia power plant actually produces 91.6 billion kWh gross in 2006, 64% from gas, 25% from coal, and 8% from hydro and a 55% increase over two years to 2005.  A comprehensive study has been taken in the year 2009 and our government actually decided to consider nuclear power. To plan and coordinate, a Nuclear Power Development Steering Committee was set up and divided through three working groups that were Nuclear Power Program Working Group under the Malaysian Nuclear Energy Agency (MNA), the Nuclear Power Project Working Group under the utility Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB), and a Legal and Regulatory Coordination Working Committee involving the Atomic Energy Licensing Board (AELB) and the Energy Commission as represented in this figure: [9] The Chairman of Malaysian Atomic Energy Licensing Board explain that safety issue is the main priority in having Nuclear Power Plant(NPP) and Malaysia has already produced around 900 graduates in nuclear science in UKM including master and PhD holders. Majority of them are expertise and experience to run this Nuclear Power Plant but need a start up time between 10 to 15 years before the plant can be brought to operation followed by government decision in 2021 which also followed also by another countries like Indonesia, Vietnam and Bangladesh to have their first Nucleaer Power Plant. [16] The Tenaga Nasional Berhad(TNB) have been directed in the year 2008 to a task to study the nuclear power and Ministry of Energy, Green Technology and Water to find a suitable site that will be operated by 2021. Eight possible location have been identified on peninsula and feasibility study will be prepared by the consultants by 2013 with developing the regulatory framework, the soft infrastructure and convince the public. The chairman of the Malaysia Nature Society actually recommended the state of Sabah as the site to replace the coal. Government announce that will be implement nuclear power due to high fossil fuel price that keep increasing and set 2023 as target. A draft of energy policy blueprint back have been sent but it was not comprehensive enough. [9] The cost of building a Nuclear Power Plant is up to US$6billion,depending on its size and where it is sited but the government had a US$7billion budjet to it. It can operate up to 60 years and will be benefit up to two or three generations. The people always misunderstood about nuclear energy and were lack of information about it whereas the recent second and third generation of Nuclear Power Plant are safer with new safety measures and sophiscated technology. The countries in Switzerland and Britain which had stopped using the nuclear energy at one time are now using it again. [16] 3.4.6 Comparing the energy generated by nuclear plant with others energy plants with the relative cost As the worlds population increases, there will be continued comparison to the current electricity generation cost and the demand for electricity will be keep increasing. Energy sources that available in the world include nuclear, coal, natural gas, wind, solar, hydroelectric, and biomass will be double in time to time. Future cost competitiveness will also be consider from every sources of electric generation with three parts that are capital, finance and operating costs. [17] No doubting nuclear energy is, in many places, competitive with fossil fuels for electricity generation, in spite of relatively high capital costs and the need to internalize all waste disposal and decommissioning costs. It is time for change to nuclear energy cause of some factors such as following[18]: The cost of nuclear energy is competitive with other types of electricity generation, except where there is direct access to low-cost fossil fuels.   The general costs of fuels for nuclear plants are a minor percentage of total generating costs, though capital costs are greater than those for coal-fired plants and a greatly than those for gas-fired plants.   In assessing the economics of nuclear power, decommissioning and waste disposal costs are fully taken into account.   Furthermore, from the outset the basic attraction of nuclear energy has been its low fuel costs compared with coal, oil and gas-fired plants. The subsequent figure shows that a doubling of fuel prices would result in the electricity cost for nuclear rising about 9%, for coal rising 31% and for gas 66%. Gas prices have significant continuality increment. [18] To enhance our knowledge about production cost of electricity,we have a slight to the coming chart. Chart 1: Comparing Per Kilowatt-Hour Cost Estimates for multiple types of energy production. [10] Based on chart 1, nuclear and coal are around the same cost at $0.04 per kWh. Natural gas is at $0.10 per kWh and wind power around $0.08 per kWh slightly cheaper. Solar power is the most expensive at $0.22 per kWh and only construction cost is represent because the reliable data is not available at the moment. Lastly the hydroelectric is around $0.03 per kWh and it is the most cost effective but naturally limited place to build the hydroelectric dam due to the geographic location and the construction of the dam will cause huge enviroment infrigment. The total cost per kWh can be represented as Construction Cost per kWh + Production Cost per kWh + Decommisioning Cost per kWh(nuclear only) = Total Cost per kWh but the main cost component of energy are construction and production costs. [10] 3.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Nuclear Energy Implementation 3.3.1 Advantages of Nuclear Energy Implementation From the chart below, we can see that the nuclear power plant reduce almost all of the global carbon dioxide problem. The carbon dioxide produces by the nuclear power plant is almost same as 0% compare to the others power plant like coal, gas petrol and etc. Worldwide CO2 Emissions Reduction[6] Another important benefit that nuclear generated energy has on our environment is that the wastes produced are completely isolated from the environment. The benefits of nuclear energy on environment can he seen clearly in France. Because of concerns over imported oil in the 1980, France has tripled its nuclear energy production. In the same period, the pollution had actually decreased around 80% to 90%. [6] Nuclear power plant also playing a important role in generate electricity in some country and there are many countries start to build more nuclear power plant to generate more electricity to expand the economics and become more develop nation. Beside of this, nuclear power plant also play an important role in the world, because there are 17% of total worlds energy was generated by around 400 nuclear power plants.[6] In briefly, we can sum up all the advantages as shown below: Nuclear reactions release a million times more energy, as compared to hydro or wind energy. Hence, a large amount of electricity can be generated. Presently, 12-18% of the worlds electricity is generated through nuclear energy. The biggest advantage of nuclear energy is that there is no release of greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide, methane, ozone, and chlorofluorocarbon) during nuclear reaction. The greenhouse gases are a major threat in the current scenario, as they cause global warming  and climate change. As there is no emission of these gases during nuclear reaction, there is very little effect on the environment. The burning of  fossil fuels result in emission of the poisonous carbon dioxide. It is a menace to the environment as well as human life. There is no release of carbon d-oxide at the time of nuclear reaction. Nuclear reactors make use of uranium as fuel. Fission reaction of a small amount of uranium generates large amount of energy. Currently, the high reserves of uranium found on Earth, are expected to last for another 100 years. High amount of energy can be generated from a single nuclear power plant. Also, nuclear fuel is inexpensive and easier to transport. 3.3.2 Disadvantages of Nuclear Energy Implementation Although nuclear energy offers great benefits as an alternative source of electric power, appealing and cost-effective the use of nuclear energy also have the negative effect or disadvantages. It is important to understand both the pros and cons of nuclear energy because nuclear waste created by the power plants emits harmful radiations. These harmful radiation created do not get extinguished or dispose easily for thousands of years. Great care by the professional are required in handling the nuclear wastes. [8] In production of electricity, there will be always have the high risk. The accident at Chernobyl, it was the most severe radioactive accident in the world has experienced since the first nuclear energy as an alternative power source is implemented. Immediate countermeasures have been taken in many countries elsewhere in Europe after the accident to reduced the levels of exposure to the public. A huge misunderstanding among the people was the waste created by nuclear energy is more dangerous compare to other method power plant electricity generation. The truth of this matter was radioactive waste from nuclear energy maybe dangerous for thousand of years but a waste produced from burning coal remains dangerous forever because it is release to the atmosphere compare to nuclear where it was kept isolated and the toxicity of these stable elements does not decrease over time as does the toxicity of radioactive material. Another major disadvantage of nuclear power to the peaceful of the nat ion was the production of nuclear weapons were allowed in some country and these nuclear weapon of mass destruction is particularly disturbing. [6] We can sum up most of the disadvantages in those pointes as shown below: The production or proliferation of nuclear weapons. The use of fission, fusion or combination of both reactions process for destructive purposes and a major threat to the world as they can cause large scale devastation. [8] . Large capital cost is required to construct single nuclear power plant. Though large amount of energy can be produced, it required around 15 to 20 years of time to develop a single plant. The reactor will only operate as long as uranium is still available. The extinction of uranium will result the plant to stop operating. [8] The unstable element and highly radioactive waste were produced after fission reactions. The waste that produced was dangerous to the environment, human health, and remains for thousands of years and it needs professional handling and should be kept isolated from the living environments. The radioactivity of these elements reduces over a period of time. [8] Disaster can occurred in any nuclear power plant. The Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant was the worst disaster in 1986, one of the reactor exploded and releasing high amount of radiation in the environment. Resulted thousand of casualities due to exposure to the harmful radiation. [8] 3.4 Analysis of survey feedback 3.4.1 Questionaire Results A total of 50 students have participated in the questionnaire. The participants are required to answer a series of questions relating to their opinion on the implementation of nuclear power generation in Malaysia. Basic understanding of the nuclear power generation is also obtained to determine the level of knowledge that each participant has on nuclear power generation. The first question is to ask the participants if it is appropriate to apply nuclear power generation to support the current ways of power generation in Malaysia. From the questionnaire it can be seen that 63% of the participants agreed that Malaysia needed nuclear power to support its current energy generation methods. From the results obtained, most of the participants knew that with nuclear power generation, more power can be generated. Besides that, most of Malaysias energy generation methods are from coal and natural gas which is harmful to the environment. Even though most of the participants agreed that Malaysia need to apply nuclear power generation, 65% of them feel that the country itself is not ready to build a nuclear power plant. From this, it can be seen that most of the participants feel that Malaysia need to put in more time and research before implementing and building a nuclear power plant. Similarly in the third question, the participants are asked if Malaysia is ready to build a nuclear power plant. The majority of them have answered weak as shown in Figure 1. As mention in the previous paragraph, Malaysia needs to put in more time in researching nuclear power especially in the aspects of safety. Figure 1: Malaysias Level of Preparation for Nuclear Power In the fourth question, the participants are required to give their opinions if nuclear power brings more advantages or disadvantages. The majority of the participants (71%) felt that nuclear power brings more advantages than disadvantages. Figure 2: Opinion on the Advantages of Nuclear power When 71% of the participants are asked on their opinions on advantages of nuclear power generation, the results are shown at Figure 2. Most of them answered C which says that nuclear power does not produce either smoke or carbon dioxide. 32% of them felt that nuclear power is reliable. 26% of the participants answered A which says that nuclear power generation produces small amount of waste. The remaining 6% feels that nuclear power is not expensive to be produced. From the results shown above, it can be seen that the participants are environmental conscious. When the similar participants are asked on their opinions on the disadvantages of nuclear power generation, most of them are worried of the waste created which is harmful to humans as well as the environment. The harmful waste will be hard to be disposed. A number of the participants felt that the safety of the surrounding area needs to be considered in case of a nuclear reactor leak in the power plant. The remaining 29% of the participants felt that nuclear power generation brings more disadvantages than advantages. These participants felt that the waste produced is hazardous and dangerous and also lots of funding is needed to be spent on the safety measures when generating nuclear power. Besides having the disadvantage opinions, these participants felt that nuclear power generation can provide more power and energy and less waste compare to other methods of power generation. Besides that, it is an alternative method of power generation that can be considered. Figure 3: Nuclear Power Generation Potential Remedy for Global Warming As seen in Figure 3, it can be seen that most participants did not agree that nuclear power generation is the remedy for global warming. Even though most of the participants did not agree, 45% of the participants agreed. The reason is that nuclear power generation produced less greenhouse gases compared to power generation methods using fossil fuel. In the next section, participants are required to tick on the required boxes on where their opinions stand. As seen in Figure 4, most of the participants have average opinions. Nuclear power generation saves up the earth natural resources as fewer resources will be used in generating the power that is needed. The resources used in nuclear power generation are able to last for years which are better than most fossil fuel methods. Figure 4: Replacement of other Energy Power with Nuclear Power will save up Earth Natural Resources Figure 5: Saving of Cost in a Long Term by using a Nuclear Power Plant In Figure 5, it can be seen that a number of the participants agreed on the saving of cost in a long term when using a nuclear power plant. The reason is that the resources that are used in a nuclear power plant can last for a long time compared to the fossil fuels and other methods available. Most of the participants have average opinions on question on building a nuclear power plant makes the economy of a country better as seen in Figure 6. The cost of building a nuclear power plant is high but it generates more energy than other methods with less pollution. Besides that less space is needed to build the plant. Figure 6: Building a Nuclear Power Plant makes the Economy of a Country Better In Figure 7, most of the participants agreed that using a nuclear power plant contributes to a better environment as nuclear power generation does not release any greenhouse gases. Figure 7: Better Environment if use Nuclear PowerGeneration Method Figure 8: Affordable for a Developing Country to Build a NuclearPower Plant to replace other Power Plants Most of the participants disagree and have average opinions on the building of a nuclear power plant for developing countries. The reason is that the countries need to concentrate on building and develop their country before investing on a nuclear power plant. The cost of constructing a nuclear power plant is high. 3.5 Conclusion and recommendation After we done the survey and research in the internet, our conclusion is that nuclear power is really needed in Malaysia. The 1st reason is because currently Malaysia still widely using coal and natural gas to generate energy, and we all know that these will bring harm to the environment also human health. From the survey also we notice that nowadays human are very concern about then environment issue, because there are 65% of the participants feel that by implementing the nuclear power, we can produce a better environment or we can save current environment that is full of carbon dioxide and smoke. Besides that, from our research, we notice that by applying nuclear power, it can prevent global warming because it produces less greenhouse gasses compare to fossil fuel power generator. Apart from that, by applying nuclear power, it can save up the earth natural resources as well because it uses lesser natural resources to produces the energy that is required compare with others power ge nerator and it also can make an economy in a country become better in a long term plan because nuclear power plant can last more longer than the other power plant, by this the costs to get the resources will be cheaper compare with the other power plant for a long term period. In the other hand, there were people that are disagree that Malaysia should have nuclear power, this is due to the wastage of the nuclear is hard to dispose, some of them think that Malaysia is not yet ready for the nuclear power in term of economy and also information on nuclear power, some of them think that if there is a leak of the nuclear reactor then it will bring serious damage to the surrounding and even bring death the human being. Some of them think that as a developing country, Malaysia should concentrate on building and developing the country before investing in the nuclear power. From the research and also survey we had done, to make everyone believe that Malaysia is capable to build nuclear power plant, few steps should be taken. There are, have a complete research in nuclear power plant with those countries that already have the nuclear power plant, build the nuclear power plant further away from human being so that if there is any leaking of nuclear reactor it would not bring harm to human being or there is enough time to disband the villager around. In addition, maintenances on nuclear power plants have to be done frequently to prevent any undesirable occurrence and Malaysia government should prepare a place to store the wastage of the nuclear power plant so that the wastage of the nuclear reactor that is harmful did not expose to the surrounding. Last but not least, if those safety steps have been take in count, then,

To Autumn, Autumn and October Dawn that each of the poets has different

To Autumn, Autumn and October Dawn that each of the poets has different opinions and feelings on Autumn and they also interpret Autumn in their poems in different ways too. The three poets John Keats, John Clare and Ted Hughes Compare the presentation of Autumn in the three poems We see after reading the poems: ‘To Autumn’, ‘Autumn’ and ‘October Dawn’ that each of the poets has different opinions and feelings on Autumn and they also interpret Autumn in their poems in different ways too. The three poets John Keats, John Clare and Ted Hughes write about the season with admiration and its beauty. All of the poets mentioned above led amazing and bizarre lives living on the edge of brilliance and insanity. With John Keats and John Clare both experiencing breakdowns and having their lives turned upside down and Ted Hughes having troubled marriages, the three of them still managed to come through and write such great and fantastic poems which have become so popular and are still around today. We also see that all the poets had a connection or fascination with the country and although John Keats was the only one who didn’t live in the country but he was still able to write great poems on wildlife and the seasons and the countryside. In all three of the poems weather is a key part in all of the poems and is stated often. In the poem ‘To Autumn’ the sun is mentioned as a ‘close bosom-friend of the maturing sun’ by this I believe he is saying that the sun and autumn work together to make it look beautiful and grow all the fruit to perfection. John Keats mentions a lot about the wind in his poem and says ‘thy hair soft-lifted by the winnowing wind’ I think this means that the wind is gentle and it lightly ... ... it leaves it with a way of a cliff-hanger but I believe the poet has wrote that ending line because he is a optimistic person because at the start of the poem, Ted Hughes says a glass of wine which was left out was ‘half full’ suggesting he is an optimistic person and believes that the earth and the wildlife and all the greens will survive through the cold. In the poems ‘to autumn’ and ‘autumn’ they both are similar as they put life and energy into their poems and they also go into more detail about the weather and the surroundings and animals. In the two poems just mentioned they just describe how beautiful Autumn is but in ‘October dawn’ the poet Ted Hughes mentions how October which is the one of the months when Autumn is and he says it is beautiful but it has its downside as it is a danger and threat to greenery and is a fight until autumn is over.

Fundamentals of Teaching :: Education Teaching Philosophy

Fundamentals of Teaching As a teacher, children are my primary focus and responsibility. While I am a teacher of history, I am more importantly a teacher of children, no matter what class I am teaching. To lose sight of the needs of children is the surest way to fail as an educator. To succeed as a teacher, I must remain focused on the students at all times. Children are surely our greatest assets. Their ability to grow is astounding – a well-taught child can make leaps that would not have seemed possible at the beginning of the year. While they are amazing, children can also be very difficult for a teacher who cannot keep them focused. Maintaining control of the classroom is vital – no learning can happen without control. While children can make the teacher’s life difficult, this should not frustrate the teacher. Education is, despite its difficulty, a vital task. Education prepares our children for potential success in a difficult world, a world in which education is vital. Ideally, education should also help to reduce the class inequality that is so pervasive in our society. It is my hope that, education can provide students with an opportunity to get out of poverty, instead of maintaining the poor quality of life that many students experience. As a teacher of history, it is also important for me to make history interesting and immediately relevant for my students. For too long, history has been taught as a boring mass of facts that students must memorize, repeat and then forget. Few students ever really remember, much less understand, the history that they learn in high school. Instead, they often hate history, and see it as a dead discipline and a waste of time. One of my goals as a history teacher is to change this perception and to make history an interesting and engaging subject that students will like. This will not be an easy task; however, I am dedicated to getting my students interested in history. In order to make this happen, my primary resource will be a higher-level approach to history. My students will be exposed to the causal nature of history, and asked to consider the causes and effects of historical events. My students will be able to place historical events in context and, as a result, will understand why they happened.

Teacher Certification Requirements History :: Education Teachers Teaching Essays

Teacher Certification Requirements History The first training facility for teachers dates back to 1785. Many others came about between 1785 and the early 1800’s. It was not until the mid 1830’s that these teacher preparation schools became state subsidized. In the year 1839 the first state normal school was established, two others would follow the next year. Also, during the 1830’s and 1840’s, there was a movement to replace tuition schools with common schools. This created two different types of schools: rural, one room school houses, and city schools (Angus). Teacher certification became a requirement in the latter half of the nineteenth century. The process of certifying teachers began primitively. Prospective teachers were required to take oral examinations conducted by local officials, usually the principal. The purpose of these examinations was mainly to ensure that the prospective teacher was more highly educated than the oldest student attending the school was. Due to the shortage of teachers, the proctor of these exams made sure that almost everyone qualified. Urban boards of education had the liberty to dictate the difficulty of the entrance exams depending upon the current demand for teachers (Angus). An account from Martha Russel’s journal in 1868 regarding these examinations reads â€Å"I feel wretched this evening and a good deal relieved as the teachers examinations came off today and I came through alive, as you see. Did better than I expected†¦there were six in the class† (Macneal). This goes to show that all of the examinations were not as simple where teachers were in less of a demand. In 1897 teacher certification was granted to those who graduated from college without taking any further exams in twenty-eight of the states. Due to the fact that one did not have to have their degree in education to teach, only about a dozen out of the 400 colleges and universities offered teaching degrees. During this time 114 colleges and universities only offered specific courses for teachers. At the close of the nineteenth century the state supported teacher schools, or as they were more commonly called, normal schools became popular ways for teachers to be certified.

Table Setup

TYPES OF ESTABLISHMENTS, TYPES OF SERVICE, AND TABLE SETTINGS Chapter 2 OBJECTIVES ? Differentiate between many types of establishments ? Identify the characteristics of French service, Russian service, English service, and American service ? Describe the arrangement of service ware for the American breakfast, lunch, and dinner cover ? Explain where food items are placed in the American cover as they are served ? Define banquet service, family-style service, buffets, salad bars, oyster bars, and dessert tables 2 INTRODUCTION ? Every restaurant has a unique identity depending on the amenities offered to guests ? Most types of service originated in the private homes of European nobility †¦ Over the years they have been modified for restaurant use ? Today, each type retains particular distinguishing features †¦ Some restaurants have combined features of two or more serving styles to accommodate their menu, facilities, and mode of operation 3 INTRODUCTION ? The four traditional types of service are †¦ French †¦ Russian †¦ English †¦ American ? The cover refers to the arrangement of china, silverware, napkin, and glassware at each place setting ? Other popular types of service are the banquet, family-style, buffets, salad bars, oyster bars, and dessert tables. 4 TYPES OF ESTABLISHMENTS ? Many terms are used to describe types of restaurants †¦ Tearoom †¦ Family-style †¦ Upscale †¦ Casual †¦ Theme †¦ Quick-service 5 TYPES OF ESTABLISHMENTS ? The fact of the matter is that restaurants are subjectively classified by the style of operation †¦ There are no clear characteristics for each type of establishment †¦ Traits of one style of restaurant overlap with traits of another ? Creating a unique identity 6 TYPES OF ESTABLISHMENTS For our purposes here, we could say that types of establishments form somewhat of a continuum †¦ On one end of the continuum would be restaurants with ? ? Minimum service No covers or simple place mats ? ? ? A quick pace Fast foods prepared easily A general informality to the entire operation 7 TYPES OF ESTABLISHMENTS †¦ The other end of the continuum would be the establishments with ? ? ? ? Luxurious surroundings Table linens Silver service ware China and Crystal glassware ? ? ? ? ? Flowers Soft music An unhurried pace Skilled servers Expensive, well-prepared, and well-presented foods and wines TYPES OF ESTABLISHMENTS ? Family-style restaurants, diners, and some chain restaurants would be on one end of the continuum ? Trattorias, bistros, and supper clubs in the middle ? Classic gourmet, upscale, and fine-dining restaurants on the other 9 TYPES OF ESTABLISHMENTS ? No matter which combination of amenities make up the whole, the guest has every right to expect †¦ A smile †¦ That his or her order be correctly taken and delivered †¦ That the check is presented promptly and for the correct amount regardless of the setting ? Good service is still the key to running any successful operation 10 FRENCH SERVICE ? Most elegant of table services ? Formal type of service originated for European nobility †¦ Prolonged and expensive type of service †¦ Used in upscale restaurant, elegant hotel dining rooms, cruise ships, resorts, and casinos ? Food is either cooked or completed tableside †¦ Brought from the kitchen on heavy silver platters †¦ Gueridon (cart) and Rechaud (stove) ? The food is completed by cooking, deboning, filleting, slicing, flambe, and garnishing as necessary †¦ Served to the guests on heated plates 1 FRENCH SERVICE ? Maitre d'hotel is in charge of the dining room ? Captain is in charge of a section to the dining room †¦ Seats the guests, takes guest’s orders and supervises table service ? French table service employs two servers working together †¦ Chef du rang (principle server) ? Receives orders form the captain, serves the drinks, prepares the food ta bleside, and presents the check †¦ Commis du rang (assistant) ? Takes the orders to the kitchen, picks up the food, serves the plates, clears the dishes and stands ready to assist the chef du rang Sommelier brings wine list and serves wine 12 FRENCH SERVICE ? Silverware brought with each course ? Service plate or show plate is part of the cover †¦ Remains until main course and replaced for salad and dessert ? Service is from the right, clearing from the right †¦ Except for bread, butter and salad to the left †¦ Soiled dishes are cleared only when all guests have completed their meal ? Finger bowls are proper after each course ? Wine only 13 FRENCH SERVICE ? Advantages: †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ Elegant Attentive Showcases food High check average ? Disadvantages: †¦ Highly trained staff ? High labor costs Investment in carts, platters, china, crystal, and silverware †¦ †¦ Fewer turns of tables Fewer tables in dining room. 14 RUSSIAN SERVICE ? Similar to French service in many respects †¦ Formal with great elegance and showmanship ? Table setting same as French service †¦ Plates for each course set in front of guest ? Differences: †¦ Only one server †¦ Food is fully prepared and attractively arranged on silver platters in the kitchen ? Heated plate placed before each guest from the right side †¦ Clockwise around the table RUSSIAN SERVICE Platters of food are brought to the dining room from the kitchen †¦ Presented to the guest at the table †¦ All foods served from serving dish or platter ? Standing to the left of each guest with the platter in the left hand, the server shows each guest the food †¦ Using a large spoon and fork in the right hand, dishes up the desired portion †¦ Continues counterclockwise around the table †¦ Remaining food returned to the kitchen RUSSIAN SERVICE ? As with French service †¦ Finger bowls are proper after each course †¦ Soiled dishes are cleared only when all guests have completed their meal Especially useful at elegant banquets RUSSIAN SERVICE ? Advantages †¦ Elegant †¦ Faster and less expensive than French service †¦ No extra space for carts needed ? Disadvantages †¦ Need trained staff †¦ Capital investment in silver platters †¦ Last served from same platter ENGLISH AND FAMILY SERVICE ? Formal family service or host service †¦ Typical of a meal served by servants in a private home ? Foods brought on platters and in serving dishes placed before the host at the head of the table †¦ Host (or one of the servants) carves the meat, if necessary, or dishes up the entree †¦ The hostess (or one of the servants) serves vegetables, salads, desserts and beverages Plates are handed to the server on the left, who serves the guest of honor and all other guests †¦ Sauces and side dishes placed on the table to be passed by the guests ? Place settings similar to American service ENGLISH AND FAMILY SERVICE ? Advantages †¦ Great deal of showmanship †¦ Casual dining †¦ Guests control portions †¦ Less service skill needed ? Disadvantages †¦ Less formal †¦ No presentation †¦ Time consuming †¦ Host and hostess required to do a lot of the work AMERICAN SERVICE Simplest form of table service †¦ Less formal than French, Russian, or English ? Most prevalent style of service in U. S. restaurants ? Utensils set in order of use †¦ Water glass at tip of knife †¦ Wine glass to the right of the water †¦ Dishes and silver ~1† from table edge ? Food dished in the kitchen †¦ Except for salad and bread and butter, most food placed on the dinner plate AMERICAN SERVICE ? Foods served from the left, beverages from the right †¦ Left with left, right with right ? Soiled dishes removed from the right †¦ Do not remove until all are done the course The American breakfast and lunch table setting differs f rom the American dinner setting †¦ Breakfast and lunch require only a limited amount of service ware †¦ Dinner involves courses and service ware AMERICAN SERVICE ? Advantages †¦ Simple and casual or complex and elegant †¦ Portion control †¦ Less service skill needed ? Disadvantages †¦ Less personal †¦ Guests can not choose portion 23 LAYING COVERS FOR TABLE SERVICE ? When laying a table in readiness for service there are a variety of place settings, which have to be laid according to the type of meal and service being offered ? A cover denotes all the necessary cutlery, flatware, crockery, glassware and linen necessary to a lay a certain type of place setting for a specific meal 24 AMERICAN BREAKFAST AND LUNCH COVER ? Includes: †¦ Dinner fork †¦ Dinner knife †¦ Teaspoon †¦ Napkin †¦ B plate †¦ Butter knife (optional) †¦ Water glass 25 AMERICAN BREAKFAST COVER 26 AMERICAN LUNCH COVER 27 AMERICAN DINNER COVER 28 AMERICAN (FORMAL) DINNER COVER 29 BANQUET SERVICE ? Involves serving a meal to a group of people gathered for a special occasion ? The cover is generally set with American settings †¦ Modified to the particular menu French, Russian or buffet service may be utilized at a banquet †¦ The table will be set accordingly ? Before the guest arrives or is seated: †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ Water is poured Butter is placed on B plates Baskets of rolls arranged on the tables Cold course may be pre-set 30 BANQUET SERVICE ? Food is put on the plates in the kitchen †¦ Served to the guests in the usual American style ? Or in the French, Russian or buffet style as predetermined ? The head table is served first ? Water and coffee are replenished periodically ? If guest are to remain after dinner, tables should be cleared and tidy at the completion of the meal ? No check is presented 31 BANQUET SERVICE ? Advantages: †¦ Menu and serving time pre-determined †¦ Service routine simple †¦ Few servers ? Disadvantages: †¦ Little personal service †¦ Close quarters ? Makes service difficult 32 FAMILY STYLE SERVICE ? Modification of American service †¦ Informal ? Table is set before the meal begins ? Serving dishes and platters are filled in the kitchen and brought to the table †¦ Serving utensils brought with the food ? Serving dishes are passed around the table and people serve themselves †¦ All-you-can-eat may require refilling of serving containers Dishes are cleared and dessert is served in the same manner ? American cover or modification is used FAMILY STYLE SERVICE ? Advantages: †¦ Fast †¦ Few servers ? Disadvantages: †¦ Little personal service †¦ Attractiveness of serving dishes and platters during course of service 34 BUFFET SERVICE ? Usually used when a large number of people are to be served ? A serving area holds everything needed for the meal and guests go through â€Å"the line† serving themselves †¦ The guest either helps themselves or by chefs behind the buffet line (carving station) ? Someone is needed to restock the serving area as necessary ? Silverware and napkins may be located on the buffet table or a complete cover (American) may be pre-set on the table ? Servers usually serve only beverages and desserts †¦ Duties may include appetizer or soup course BUFFET SERVICE ? Advantages †¦ Attractive food display †¦ Speed †¦ Economics †¦ Less service skill needed ? Disadvantages †¦ Replenishment needed †¦ Unattractive food display †¦ Food safety †¦ Capital investment 36 SALAD BARS, OYSTER BARS, AND DESSERT TABLES ? Salad Bar †¦ Self-service concept Guests prepare their own salads from an attractive array of vegetables, fruits, and accoutrements ? Oyster Bar †¦ †¦ Buffet featuring oysters on the half shell and various accoutrements May include other seafood items ? Dessert Table †¦ Display of tortes, pies, cakes, cream puffs, eclairs, fresh fruit, and soft cheeses ? ? Dessert plates and service ware are at hand on the table Dessert trays or carts 37 SALAD BARS, OYSTER BARS, AND DESSERT TABLES ? Advantages †¦ Attractive food display †¦ Less service skill needed Disadvantages †¦ Replenishment needed †¦ Unattractive food display †¦ Timing 38 CAFETERIA SERVICE ? This service exists normally in industrial canteens, colleges, hospitals or hotel cafeterias ? To facilitate quick service, the menu is fixed and is displayed on large boards †¦ Sometimes food is displayed behind the counter and the guests may indicate their choice to the counter attendant ? Guests select foods ? The food is served pre-plated and the cutlery is handed directly to the guest ? Scramble system limits lines 39 COUNTER SERVICE Tall stools are placed along a counter so that the guest may eat the food at the counter itself †¦ The covers are generally laid out on the counter ? Food is either displayed behind the counter for the guests to choose from, or is listed on a menu card or com mon black board 40 GRILL ROOM SERVICE ? In this form of service various meats are grilled in front of the guest ? The meats may be displayed behind a glass partition or well decorated counter so that the guest can select his exact cut of meat ? The food comes pre-plated 41 BREAKFAST SERVICES There are basically two types of breakfast offered in hotels and restaurants †¦ The Continental Breakfast and the English Breakfast ? The Continental Breakfast originated in Europe †¦ It is a light meal as the Europeans normally have a heavy mid-day meal ? The English breakfast is heavy and is a major meal of the day †¦ A traditional English breakfast runs into six or seven courses 42 BUTLER SERVICE ? Similar to Russian service †¦ Guests serve themselves †¦ Offered from left side for food ? ? Counterclockwise Serving fork and spoon used by guest. BUTLERED SERVICE ? Waiters pass hors d'oeuvres or beverages from trays Similarly to how a butler would wait on guests in a pri vate home. ? Elegant option, especially as guests won't have to wait in line to get a drink, and it will remind them of the options available to them ? Requires slightly more staff than stationary hors d'oeuvres and a bartender 44 COMPROMISE SERVICE ? This is a combination of the very formal Russian and the English ? Part of the food (usually the salad and dessert) is served from the kitchen and part is served at the table with the host or hostess dishing up the main course †¦ There is still the presence of service staff