Website Defacement Stuxnet

Question: Discuss about the Website Defacement for Stuxnet. Answer: Introduction The creation of Stuxnet virus is unknown but the adverse effect of this are the most terrifying in the digital world. Stuxnet virus was made in such a way that it would affect the systems which can meet its requirements and not others. In order to attack, it needs to get .Ink file and later create a rootkit to hide itself from any antivirus so it becomes very difficult to remove it from the system. Threat Profile Stuxnet is a Trojan virus which basically targets any system running on WinCC SCADA software. As it a Trojan, it just needs to launched over the internet and it can spread on its own. With the help of CVE-2010-2568 code, it allows arbitrary code execution via a crafted .ink file. This virus is noted to spread from systems to systems with the help of removable USB drives (Edwards, 2014). Threat name The name of the threat from which many countries suffered in many ways is Stuxnet which was first discovered in the year of 2010. Previously it was named Rootkit.Tmphider. Later it changed to W32.Temphid which later again changed to W32.Stuxnet (Kushner, 2013). System it Attacks Stuxnet usually does not attack every system. It is meant to attack the system which met the specific requirement for the Trojan to attack. Among its main target, it includes Windows Operating system, Siemens PCS 7, WinCC and Step7 industrial software applications that usually runs on Windows and Siemens S7 PLCs are its main target. It can also attack any system which contains the Remote Code execution vulnerability present (Hagerott, 2014). Threat Performance Stuxnet is declared as the most advanced and the most engineered form of malware that ever to be created. The main purpose of Stuxnet is to take control of the industrial facilities. However usually a virus is meant to attack any computer who runs the software but in case of Stuxnet, it can spread like wild fire and attack a system which has Remote Code Execution Vulnerability present in it. Due to this attack, it gets an advantage as it can be controlled by the hacker from any part of the world (Kushner, 2013). In order to start its work, it firstly needs two different legitimate certificates signed by well known companies so that it does not get detected by any antivirus. After it makes its way into the system, it first exploits the .Ink vulnerability to run and after this it installs a rootkit so that it can make itself well hid in the system (Lindsay, 2013). Mitigation Techniques There are several mitigation techniques that can be applied in order to avoid the Stuxnet before hitting the system. Some are mentioned below: Isolating command and control networks from shared public networks so that it may not come into the system as public networks are shared by many people so Stuxnet can be easily deployed and can get access to any system. Password and access control should be changed on a regular basis and giving access control to unknown application should be avoided. If the access is permitted, then there is no need of changing the password as it is remotely accessed by some other users (Hagerott, 2014). Patching and Compliance is also important as companies should try to provide patch for the computer systems in order to fix any vulnerability that is present. Anti-virus should be updated always as with every new antivirus definition, it can detect any vulnerability that is present in the system. Intrusion detection system should be installed over the network so that it can stop the virus even before entering the users system (Lindsay, 2013). Laws and Regulation Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act Data Quality Act Consumer Data Security and Notification Act International Scope Stuxnet has greatly affected many countries in many ways. As it is a Trojan, it sends all the information to the creator. It has affected Iran when it was injected to in their nuclear facilities and due to this it crippled the whole system. Reflection The origin of Stuxnet is still a mystery. It is the most engineered form of virus that ever to be created and is the most complicated one that still haunts many users worldwide. If Stuxnet hit any system, it becomes impossible to remove the virus and the system can be accessed by someone remotely. Risk Calculation Stuxnet has hit many countries including Iran, India, Pakistan, United States, Indonesia and many other countries. It is so dangerous that it can cripple down any system or worse the system will be in control of someone who can access all its files remotely. Conclusion The creation of Stuxnet is considered to be the work of a marksmanship as it does not affect every computer. It is intended for specific computers and their main targets are the Windows system and the systems which have Remote code execution vulnerability present in them. Due to this vulnerability, hackers can access the victims computer remotely and get information without even notifying them. Removal of Stuxnet is nearly impossible and without proper tools, it will just multiply itself within the system. References Edwards, C. I. P. M. (2014). An analysis of a cyberattack on a nuclear plant: The stuxnet worm.Critical Infrastructure Protection,116, 59. Hagerott, M. (2014). Stuxnet and the vital role of critical infrastructure operators and engineers.International Journal of Critical Infrastructure Protection,7(4), 244-246. Kushner, D. (2013). The real story of stuxnet.ieee Spectrum,3(50), 48-53. Lindsay, J. R. (2013). Stuxnet and the limits of cyber warfare.Security Studies,22(3), 365-404.

The Aztecs free essay sample

The U. S has the highest murder rate of any industrialized country in the world. Does this surprise you? Well, although it is a fact, and most people would think this is unethical. This should also be true for Aztec society. Which deserves the Greater Emphasis? Human Sacrifice, or Aztec Agriculture? I believe historians should focus more on human sacrifice because, even though the Aztecs were resourceful and well organized in agriculture, they were barbaric when it came to human sacrifice. They killed off 2,300 men who were prisoners of war. We have to take into consideration that these sacrifices had families and lives and people who cared about them that were cruelly ripped away from them. The Aztecs couldve showed the love and dedication for their gods another less violent way. What the Aztec did to the sacrifices was in-humane. When they killed the sacrifices, they would rip of their hearts, throw the hearts to the shrine dedicated to the gods and let the dead bodies roll down the temple steps bathed in its own blood. We will write a custom essay sample on The Aztecs or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Even though other groups of people did human sacrifice, the Aztec were ruthless and held no remorse for their victims. Aztecs sometimes just went to war with another group of people just to capture people and make them sacrifices, called flower wars (Doc. D). What the Aztec did was just horrible and I think historians should focus more on human sacrifice than agriculture. There was a humungous scale of sacrifices, as well as spiritual importance, and they surprisingly didn’t kill these people with evil eyes or hatred. The Aztecs hade feeling toward sacrifices. The Aztec sacrificed a huge scale of people! In one day they would sacrifice 2,300 prisoners (Doc. D). That is the same population of an average school! Not only did they sacrifice so much of population, they also gave up resources and the best people to sacrifice! If this wasn’t a factor, could you imagine how much more advanced the Aztec agriculture could become?

Crucible Essays (458 words) - Salem Witch Trials, The Crucible

Crucible In Arthur Miller's, "The Crucible," many themes are expressed throughout the play. Themes are the undertone of the story. A theme of a book usually sets the mood and describes what is happening during the time that the story is written. "The Crucible" has many themes that show how everything was and how everyone acted in the year of 1692, in Salem, Massachusetts. Mass hysteria is the most obvious theme in the story. Mass hysteria is represented everywhere trouble was. One example is at the end of act one when the girls are screaming, crying, and starting to accuse people of being with the devil. When this happens, everyone gets scared and calls the marshal. The marshal begins to arrest people and brings them to court. The whole reason mass hysteria broke out is because of Abigail. One vengeful accusation from Abigail to her rival, Elizabeth Proctor, turns the whole village upside down. This confusion and madness is one of the main reasons so many lives were taken at the trials. This becomes a place where reasonable human beings can become released in an environment that allows little opportunity for relaxing. Another theme during the play is how much religion ruled these peoples lives. The court was the main ruling body of justice and was run by the church. The concept of justice in 1692 is shown when Arthur Miller dedicates the entire third act to the courtroom. Abigail pressures the girls to lie in court in order to accuse everyone that they didn't get along with of witchcraft. The separation of church and government didn't exist in 1692 in Salem, Massachusetts. Theocracy meant that Massachusetts was to be governed by God's laws. But this mixing up of the laws of God and the laws of government set up the chaos of the Salem witch trials. Greed and revenge was another major aspect that was shown in the story. Several characters find profit in this mass hysteria and try to change some events for their own needs and well-being. Thomas Putnam gains land by having his daughter Ruth accuse his neighbors of witchcraft. Also, Abigail gets revenge on the Proctors when her affair with John has been turned off. Superstition was the biggest cause of these trials. There were no real witches in Salem. Without the superstitious belief in witchcraft, this tragedy would have never happened. Arthur Miller clearly explains the how people react to things they do not understand. These were examples why The Salem Witch Trials happened. The theme of the story keeps the plot going. Themes are one of the most important parts in a play. Arthur Miller gives good examples and explains what it was really like back in 1692 by showing how people acted. All these different moods and themes led up to the witch trials. If all these untrusting feelings, superstitions, and attitudes didn't exist the trials would have probably never existed.

Great Study Tips for the GRE Vocabulary Section

Great Study Tips for the GRE Vocabulary Section If youre planning to apply to graduate school, youll need to pass the GRE General Test, which includes an extensive vocabulary section. Not only do you need to master the reading comprehension questions, you need to knock the sentence equivalence questions and text completions out of the ballpark. Its challenging, but with adequate preparation, you can pass. Getting Ready for the GRE The key to success is to allow yourself plenty of time to study for the GRE. This isnt something you can cram for a few days out. Experts say you should begin studying 60 to 90 days before the exam is scheduled. Start by taking a diagnostic test. These exams, which are very similar to the actual GRE, will allow you to measure your verbal and quantitative skills and give you a good idea of what your strengths and weaknesses are. ETS, the company that created the GRE, offers ​free review tests on its website.   Create a Study Plan Use your diagnostic test results to craft a study plan that focuses on the areas where you need the most improvement. Create a weekly schedule for review. A good baseline is to study four days a week, 90 minutes a day. Divide your study time into three 30-minute chunks, each that addresses a different topic, and be sure to take breaks in between each session. Kaplan, a company dedicated to helping students review for tests like the GRE, offers detailed sample study schedules on its website. Retake the diagnostic test after four, six, and eight weeks of review to measure your progress. Hit the Books and Tap the Apps There is no shortage of reference books available to help you study for the GRE vocabulary test. Kaplans GRE Prep Plus and GRE Prep by Magoosh are two highly rated prep books available. Youll find sample tests, practice questions and answers, and extensive vocabulary lists. There are also a number of GRE study apps available, too. Some of the best include GRE from Arcadia and Magoosh GRE Prep. Use Vocabulary Flashcards Another reason why you want to begin studying 60 to 90 days before taking the GRE is that theres a lot of information youll need to memorize. A good place to begin is with a list of the top GRE vocabulary words that appear most often on the test. Both Grockit and Kaplanoffer free vocabulary lists. Flashcards can be another useful tool. If you find yourself struggling to memorize a long list of words,  try memorizing word groups, a small list of words (10 or so) arranged by theme into subcategories. Instead of memorizing words like  acclaim, accolade  and  venerate  in isolation, youd remember that they all fall under the theme of praise, and suddenly, theyre easier to remember.   Some people find it useful to organize vocabulary words according to their Greek or Latin roots.  Learning one root means learning 5-10 words or more in one shot. For example, if you can remember that the root ambul means to go, then you also know that words like amble, ambulatory, perambulator, and somnambulist have something to do with going somewhere. Other Study Tips Studying for the GRE vocabulary test is hard enough by yourself. Reach out to friends who are taking the GRE or have taken it in the past and ask them if theyll spend time helping you review. Start by having them give you vocabulary words to define, then change it up by having them give you definitions and responding with the correct word. Vocabulary games can also be a novel way to review. Most GRE study apps incorporate games into their study plans, and you can find them online at sites such as Quizlet, FreeRice,  and  Cram. Are you still finding yourself getting stuck on certain vocabulary words? Try creating  picture pages  for the words that keep eluding you. Remember, studying for the GRE vocabulary test takes time. Be patient with yourself, take frequent study breaks, and reach out to friends for help if and when you need it.

Individual report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Individual report - Essay Example In respect to this, the organization has not established a website and has not engaged in online marketing and advertising to a very limited extent (NHS 2010). The company has not set itself apart from other players in the pharmaceutical industry in any way. The company does not feature among the top pharmacies in the neighborhood Even though the company serves customers six days a week (NHS 2010), it only operates during the day thus missing out on potential night sales that more established pharmacies enjoy. The layout of the pharmacy does not emphasize its commitment to continuous growth and convenience. Many customers find themselves confused as they go though the pharmacy looking for the products of their choice which means that customers face a lot of inconveniences in their shopping experience. The store appears crowded with goods, which goes against the company’s desire to appear clean, organized, and novel. Furthermore, the pharmacy does not have an enviable design an d no clear signs are used to direct visitors within the store. Opportunities Kadri Pharmacy is owned by a sole proprietor who may sell some shares to other investors to boost its capital base and accelerate its growth The pharmacy is not part of any group but may join forces with other organizations so as to strengthen its brand. Public and patient activism against obesity in the country is growing. Also, the population of people who are aging is steadily growing. This is a sign that the market for pharmaceutical products is bound to increase in view of the health issues and concerns (Alan 2011, p1). New tools and methods of communication and information technology such as the social media present new opportunities in the digital era. The pharmacy can apply e-commerce tools and strategies to reach people who live beyond Preston and therefore increase sales. Enhanced communication tools such as telehealth/telecare have seen the development of new processes of delivering services in t he health care industry. Such tools may be applied by the company to increase efficiency in service delivery. The harmonization of the healthcare system across Europe is a major strength for the pharmaceutical industry. There is increasing pressure on the healthcare UK healthcare system (Alan 2011, p1). This means that generally there is a growing demand for healthcare services including pharmacy. Threats Consumer’s expectations are being changed by patient awareness and this is putting a considerable amount of pressure on consumer service (Alan 2011, p1). This may effectively lower the profits of the business The global economic crisis has made customers reluctant to use their money on healthcare. This means that the business may not make as much profit as it otherwise would if the crisis never occurred. There are several pharmacies in Preston, many of them bigger and better established than Kadri Pharmacy Limited. Generally, customers may prefer bigger

Features Of The Ancient African Art Research Paper - 2

Features Of The Ancient African Art - Research Paper Example The book talks about the cultural belief behind the costume. The locals or indigenous members of the Kuba community believe that in order for life to be balanced you have to connect with the ancestors, therefore; the costume assists them in the connection. The book emphases that like in many African cultures death is a natural event and is characterized as a rite of passage, therefore, these costumes are designed for such events and rites of passage in the society. The Bwoom is a very iconic and symbolic artifact from the Kuba community. It represents a sign of royalty from the society. The mask assists the masquerade element to act out in its design and appearance. This aspect gives us an overview of the origin of the Kuba Kingdom, therefore; it will act as an archive for the history of this unique community in this globe1. This particular mask is named Bwoom because it is like a cornerstone of the community. This is a special mask in the community and it is different from any other mask ever used in the community. It is the only mask not used in funerals or any other sorrowful event in the community. During joyful occasions such as harvests and weddings, the males would be the mask on the forehead and see-through, the holes under the nose of the mask while dancing the. When people whore the mask in any occasion they would cover all parts of their bodies to give a real representation of the spirit. The picture below shows a Bwoom Helmet. The mask the will act as an exhibit dedicated to the tourist and researchers who are interested in the African culture. Including the artwork in the museum is also reflective of the shift of the ethnologists in western culture to view African cultures as diverse and complementary to other cultures.

History of Correction in America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

History of Correction in America - Essay Example Another facility of correction known as Bridewell was constructed in 1775 that was placed in New York City Hall Park although it's the independent war interrupted its construction. New York State Legislature in 1788 enacted a law to construct another correction facility named Almshouse and named twelve commissioners to oversee the construction. The commissioners began the department of correction in New York and they opened the first state prison in 1788 known as Greenwich State Prison. In 1817 another correction facility known as Auburn was opened which expanded in 1821 by opening a new wing. In 1951, the institution for insane criminals was established on the Auburn prison ground. This was an idea of a group of reformers that thought they would start child savers by sending city children to live with farm families. Their idea brought about the establishment of the New York Juvenile Asylum. Almshouse Department was replaced by New York City Department of Public Charities and Correction in 1851. The department took control of the city's public welfare and correctional institutions. Ludlow Street Jail also known as New York Country Jail was established in 1862 and in 1863 another jail was built in Manhattan known as New York City's Fourth District Prison. This became the 57th street jail that was part of a court complex. Another correction facility named New York City's Seventh District Prison was established along Manhattan city's west side in 1865. New York City was authorized by the State Legislature to separate the Department of Public Charity and Correction in 1873. This separation brought about the Public Charities Division and the Correction Division. Society for the prevention of cruelty to children was established after the division and it prohibited the confinement of children at Almshouse. Elmira Reformatory was established in 1876 and it based its practices on the reform theory rather than punishment theory. 1 Louis D. Pilsbury was appointed the first Superintendent of Prison and was assigned the fully control and responsibilities of all state prisons. Under Louis leadership brought about the establishment of the house of refuge for women and enactment of the penal code that emended the children's law. (Whitehead, Pollock and Braswell, 2003) Still under Louis leadership as the superintended of prison so the establishment of New York City's Fifth District Prison in 1885 which was a multi-tiered structure that included a forty double occupancy and a dormitory that held fifty prisoners. (Whitehead, Pollock and Braswell, 2003) Modern correction has changed the ancient theories of correction and reformer thought of bringing good part of the society into the jails and prisons. They have incorporated education, religion, work, and self-governance in they correction as they are certain that this would eventually rehabilitate the prisoners. This has brought about the establishment of education programs, prison industries and vocational programs in the prisons. They have also been establishment of specialized prisons in the modern correction. The use of corporal punishment also came to an end. There has been Prisoner's Rights Movement that gives the prisoners rights of freedom of speech and religion